diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/prisma/migrations/20260818000001_add_audit_log_actor_identity/migration.sql b/apps/edr-passenger-api/prisma/migrations/20260818000001_add_audit_log_actor_identity/migration.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b19a49b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/prisma/migrations/20260818000001_add_audit_log_actor_identity/migration.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+-- The audit trail has to answer "who did this" without a cross-schema join: Prisma only knows
+-- the `passenger` schema, and an IAM user that is later deleted would take the answer with it.
+-- So the actor's name and phone are denormalized onto the row at write time, the same way
+-- SeatBlock.blockedByName was added for the blocked-seat report.
+--
+-- Purely additive: both columns are nullable and the index is new, so rows written before this
+-- migration keep working and simply report as System / Unknown in the backoffice.
+
+-- AlterTable
+ALTER TABLE "passenger"."AuditLog"
+  ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS "userName"  TEXT,
+  ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS "userPhone" TEXT;
+
+-- CreateIndex: the default Audit Logs listing sorts createdAt DESC with no other filter, which
+-- neither existing composite index serves. Broadening audit coverage materially increases the
+-- row count behind that sort.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS "AuditLog_createdAt_idx" ON "passenger"."AuditLog"("createdAt");
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/prisma/schema.prisma b/apps/edr-passenger-api/prisma/schema.prisma
index 7bca3116d..26f93bd43 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/prisma/schema.prisma
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/prisma/schema.prisma
@@ -1325,6 +1325,11 @@ model ExcessBaggageCharge {
 model AuditLog {
   id          String   @id @default(uuid())
   iamUserId   String?
+  /// Actor's display name, denormalized at write time so a reader needs no cross-schema
+  /// lookup into iam.users and the trail survives the IAM user being deleted.
+  userName    String?
+  /// Actor's contact number, denormalized for the same reason.
+  userPhone   String?
   action      String
   entityType  String
   entityId    String?
@@ -1335,6 +1340,7 @@ model AuditLog {
   createdAt   DateTime @default(now())
   @@index([iamUserId, createdAt])
   @@index([entityType, entityId])
+  @@index([createdAt])
   @@schema("passenger")
 }
 
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/acting-user.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/acting-user.ts
index 630e307a8..8229096d9 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/acting-user.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/acting-user.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ export interface ActingUserClaims {
   name?: ActingUserName | string | null;
   username?: string;
   email?: string;
+  phoneNumber?: string;
 }
 
 /** The minimal Express request shape needed to reach the authenticated user. */
@@ -34,6 +35,8 @@ export interface ActingUser {
   id: string;
   /** Human-readable name, denormalized alongside the id. */
   name: string;
+  /** Contact number, denormalized alongside the id. Absent on tokens that omit it. */
+  phone?: string;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -48,7 +51,11 @@ export function resolveActingUser(req: RequestWithActingUser): ActingUser | null
   const id = claims?.id ?? claims?.sub;
   if (!id) return null;
 
-  return { id, name: resolveActingUserName(claims) };
+  return {
+    id,
+    name: resolveActingUserName(claims),
+    phone: claims?.phoneNumber?.trim() || undefined,
+  };
 }
 
 function resolveActingUserName(claims: ActingUserClaims | undefined): string {
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit-snapshot.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit-snapshot.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..602a723f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit-snapshot.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/**
+ * Building the `oldData` / `newData` payloads on an audit row.
+ *
+ * Audit rows are retained for a year and readable by anyone with `audit:view`, so they must
+ * carry enough to explain a change and nothing more. Dumping a whole Prisma row is the easy
+ * mistake: it drags along payment tokens, contact details and identity documents that the
+ * reader never needed. `snapshot()` inverts the default — you list what to keep.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Words that must never reach an audit row, whatever the caller asked for.
+ *
+ * Matched against the key's own words rather than as raw substrings — a substring test would
+ * redact `shipping` for containing "pin" and miss nothing in exchange.
+ */
+const DENIED_WORDS = new Set([
+  'password',
+  'passcode',
+  'secret',
+  'token',
+  'otp',
+  'pin',
+  'authorization',
+  'auth',
+  'apikey',
+  'passport',
+  'nationalid',
+  'fayda',
+  'ssn',
+]);
+
+/** Value written in place of a denied field, so the reader knows something was withheld. */
+const REDACTED = '[redacted]';
+
+/**
+ * Splits `paymentToken`, `payment_token` and `PAYMENT_TOKEN` alike into ['payment', 'token'],
+ * then reports whether any word is denied.
+ */
+function isDeniedKey(key: string): boolean {
+  const words = key
+    .replace(/([a-z0-9])([A-Z])/g, '$1 $2')
+    .split(/[^A-Za-z0-9]+/)
+    .map((w) => w.toLowerCase())
+    .filter(Boolean);
+
+  // `nationalId` splits into ['national','id'], so check the joined form too.
+  return words.some((w) => DENIED_WORDS.has(w)) || DENIED_WORDS.has(words.join(''));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Picks `keys` off `entity`, dropping anything absent and redacting anything sensitive.
+ *
+ * Returns `undefined` for a null/undefined entity so a missing "before" state simply omits
+ * `oldData` rather than storing `{}`.
+ */
+export function snapshot<T extends object>(
+  entity: T | null | undefined,
+  keys: readonly (keyof T & string)[],
+): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
+  if (!entity) return undefined;
+
+  const out: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+  for (const key of keys) {
+    const value = (entity as Record<string, unknown>)[key];
+    if (value === undefined) continue;
+    out[key] = isDeniedKey(key) ? REDACTED : normalize(value);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Same guarantees as {@link snapshot} for a payload assembled by hand rather than picked off an
+ * entity — the sweeps and gate branches build their context inline.
+ */
+export function auditPayload(
+  data: Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined,
+): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
+  if (!data) return undefined;
+
+  const out: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(data)) {
+    if (value === undefined) continue;
+    out[key] = isDeniedKey(key) ? REDACTED : normalize(value);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prisma hands back `Date` and `Decimal` objects. `JSON.stringify` would render a Decimal as
+ * `{}`, so flatten both to something a reader can compare across two snapshots.
+ */
+function normalize(value: unknown): unknown {
+  if (value instanceof Date) return value.toISOString();
+  if (value && typeof value === 'object' && typeof (value as any).toFixed === 'function') {
+    return (value as any).toString();
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reduces a before/after pair to only the fields that actually moved.
+ *
+ * Used where the "before" row is wide but the edit is narrow (a schedule status flip, a fare
+ * price change) so the audit row shows the change rather than burying it.
+ */
+export function changedFields(
+  before: Record<string, unknown> | undefined,
+  after: Record<string, unknown> | undefined,
+): { oldData?: Record<string, unknown>; newData?: Record<string, unknown> } {
+  if (!before || !after) return { oldData: before, newData: after };
+
+  const oldData: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+  const newData: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+  for (const key of new Set([...Object.keys(before), ...Object.keys(after)])) {
+    if (JSON.stringify(before[key]) === JSON.stringify(after[key])) continue;
+    oldData[key] = before[key];
+    newData[key] = after[key];
+  }
+
+  return {
+    oldData: Object.keys(oldData).length ? oldData : undefined,
+    newData: Object.keys(newData).length ? newData : undefined,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit.actions.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit.actions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9ee389db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit.actions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/**
+ * The closed vocabulary for audit rows.
+ *
+ * `AuditLog.action` and `AuditLog.entityType` are plain `String` columns, so nothing at the
+ * database level stops a caller inventing `created` or `schedule_updated`. These two maps are
+ * the convention: uppercase, semantic, and imported rather than typed inline. The pre-existing
+ * rows use `CREATE`/`UPDATE`/`DELETE`/`VERIFY`, so those keep their meaning and the rest extend
+ * them — no historical row changes shape.
+ */
+
+export const AUDIT_ACTIONS = {
+  // ── CRUD ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  CREATE: 'CREATE',
+  UPDATE: 'UPDATE',
+  DELETE: 'DELETE',
+  /** Undo of a soft delete (train restore, seat undo-remove, ticket restore). */
+  RESTORE: 'RESTORE',
+
+  // ── Explicit state transitions ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+  /** A status column moved. Prefer this over UPDATE when status is the point of the change. */
+  STATUS_CHANGE: 'STATUS_CHANGE',
+  CANCEL: 'CANCEL',
+
+  // ── Seats & coaches ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  BLOCK: 'BLOCK',
+  UNBLOCK: 'UNBLOCK',
+  ASSIGN: 'ASSIGN',
+  UNASSIGN: 'UNASSIGN',
+
+  // ── Charges & money ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  WAIVE: 'WAIVE',
+  PAY: 'PAY',
+  REFUND: 'REFUND',
+  /** Re-sending a payment link — no state change, but it re-exposes a payment token. */
+  RESEND: 'RESEND',
+
+  // ── Gate ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  BOARD: 'BOARD',
+  BOARD_DENIED: 'BOARD_DENIED',
+  /**
+   * Retained for backward-compatible filtering of gate rows written before BOARD existed.
+   * New code uses BOARD / BOARD_DENIED.
+   */
+  VERIFY: 'VERIFY',
+
+  // ── Bulk / sweeps ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  BULK_CREATE: 'BULK_CREATE',
+  BULK_UPDATE: 'BULK_UPDATE',
+  SYNC: 'SYNC',
+  IMPORT: 'IMPORT',
+} as const;
+
+export type AuditAction = (typeof AUDIT_ACTIONS)[keyof typeof AUDIT_ACTIONS];
+
+/**
+ * Entity names as they appear in `AuditLog.entityType`. These mirror the Prisma model names so
+ * a reader can go from an audit row straight to the table, and they back the backoffice
+ * Audit Logs filter dropdown.
+ */
+export const AUDIT_ENTITIES = {
+  // Master data
+  Station: 'Station',
+  Train: 'Train',
+  Coach: 'Coach',
+  CoachType: 'CoachType',
+  Seat: 'Seat',
+  SeatClass: 'SeatClass',
+  Route: 'Route',
+  RouteStop: 'RouteStop',
+  RouteCoachTemplate: 'RouteCoachTemplate',
+  Schedule: 'Schedule',
+  ScheduleFare: 'ScheduleFare',
+  CoachAssignment: 'CoachAssignment',
+
+  // Finance / tariff
+  FareRule: 'FareRule',
+  RouteFareRule: 'RouteFareRule',
+  SegmentFareRule: 'SegmentFareRule',
+  Currency: 'Currency',
+  Payment: 'Payment',
+  PaymentMethod: 'PaymentMethod',
+  SupplementaryCharge: 'SupplementaryCharge',
+  ExcessBaggageCharge: 'ExcessBaggageCharge',
+  BaggageAllowance: 'BaggageAllowance',
+
+  // Operations
+  Ticket: 'Ticket',
+  Booking: 'Booking',
+} as const;
+
+export type AuditEntity = (typeof AUDIT_ENTITIES)[keyof typeof AUDIT_ENTITIES];
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit.service.spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit.service.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52e54df68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit.service.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import { AuditService } from './audit.service';
+import { snapshot, auditPayload, changedFields } from './audit-snapshot';
+
+/**
+ * The audit primitive is the reason ~47 of the 57 existing call sites wrote a NULL actor: it
+ * held the request (for IP/user-agent) but never read `request.user`. These pin the fix — the
+ * actor is resolved from the guarded session, callers cannot be trusted to pass it, and a
+ * logging failure never propagates into the business operation it describes.
+ */
+describe('AuditService', () => {
+  const REQUEST = {
+    user: {
+      id: 'iam-user-1',
+      name: { en: 'Abebe Kebede', am: 'አበበ ከበደ' },
+      username: 'abebe.k',
+      email: 'abebe@edr.et',
+      phoneNumber: '+251911223344',
+    },
+    headers: {
+      'x-forwarded-for': '10.1.2.3, 172.16.0.1',
+      'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Backoffice)',
+    },
+    socket: { remoteAddress: '127.0.0.1' },
+  };
+
+  const build = (request?: any) => {
+    const create = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({});
+    const prisma = { auditLog: { create, count: jest.fn(), findMany: jest.fn(), findUnique: jest.fn() } };
+    return { service: new AuditService(prisma as any, request), create, prisma };
+  };
+
+  const written = (create: jest.Mock) => create.mock.calls[0][0].data;
+
+  describe('actor resolution', () => {
+    it('takes the actor from the authenticated request when the caller omits one', async () => {
+      const { service, create } = build(REQUEST);
+      await service.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'Station', entityId: 'st-1' });
+
+      expect(written(create)).toMatchObject({
+        iamUserId: 'iam-user-1',
+        userName: 'Abebe Kebede',
+        userPhone: '+251911223344',
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('ignores nothing the request says — a body cannot smuggle in a different actor', async () => {
+      const { service, create } = build({
+        ...REQUEST,
+        // A request body field never reaches AuditService; only `request.user` does.
+        body: { validatorId: 'someone-else', waivedBy: 'not-me' },
+      });
+      await service.log({ action: 'BOARD', entityType: 'Ticket', entityId: 't-1' });
+
+      expect(written(create).iamUserId).toBe('iam-user-1');
+    });
+
+    it('lets a system path pass its own actor explicitly', async () => {
+      const { service, create } = build(REQUEST);
+      await service.log({
+        action: 'STATUS_CHANGE',
+        entityType: 'Schedule',
+        entityId: 'sc-1',
+        userId: 'SYSTEM',
+        userName: 'Reconciliation cron',
+      });
+
+      expect(written(create)).toMatchObject({ iamUserId: 'SYSTEM', userName: 'Reconciliation cron' });
+    });
+
+    it('records a null actor outside an HTTP request rather than inventing one', async () => {
+      const { service, create } = build(undefined);
+      await service.log({ action: 'PAY', entityType: 'ExcessBaggageCharge', entityId: 'c-1' });
+
+      expect(written(create)).toMatchObject({ iamUserId: null, userName: null, userPhone: null });
+    });
+
+    it('falls back through the name shapes IAM actually returns', async () => {
+      const { service, create } = build({ user: { sub: 'legacy-id', username: 'gate.agent' }, headers: {} });
+      await service.log({ action: 'BOARD', entityType: 'Ticket', entityId: 't-2' });
+
+      expect(written(create)).toMatchObject({ iamUserId: 'legacy-id', userName: 'gate.agent' });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('request metadata', () => {
+    it('captures the client IP and user-agent', async () => {
+      const { service, create } = build(REQUEST);
+      await service.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'Train', entityId: 'tr-1' });
+
+      expect(written(create)).toMatchObject({
+        ipAddress: '10.1.2.3',
+        userAgent: 'Mozilla/5.0 (Backoffice)',
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('still writes the row when the request carries no headers', async () => {
+      // Queue consumers resolve this service with a bare stub; reading through `headers`
+      // unguarded used to throw and silently drop the whole row.
+      const { service, create } = build({ user: { id: 'iam-user-1' }, ip: '10.9.9.9' });
+      await service.log({ action: 'PAY', entityType: 'SupplementaryCharge', entityId: 'sc-1' });
+
+      expect(create).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+      expect(written(create)).toMatchObject({ ipAddress: '10.9.9.9', userAgent: '' });
+    });
+
+    it('leaves IP and user-agent blank with no request at all', async () => {
+      const { service, create } = build(undefined);
+      await service.log({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'Seat', entityId: 's-1' });
+
+      expect(written(create)).toMatchObject({ ipAddress: '', userAgent: '' });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('failure containment', () => {
+    it('swallows a write failure instead of breaking the operation it describes', async () => {
+      const create = jest.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('db down'));
+      const service = new AuditService({ auditLog: { create } } as any, REQUEST);
+
+      await expect(
+        service.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'Station', entityId: 'st-1' }),
+      ).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('getLogs', () => {
+    const withRows = () => {
+      const findMany = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
+      const count = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(0);
+      const prisma = { auditLog: { findMany, count, create: jest.fn() } };
+      return { service: new AuditService(prisma as any, REQUEST), findMany, count };
+    };
+
+    it('caps the page size so a caller cannot ask for the whole table', async () => {
+      const { service, findMany } = withRows();
+      await service.getLogs({ limit: 5000 });
+      expect(findMany.mock.calls[0][0].take).toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    it('defaults to the newest 50 rows', async () => {
+      const { service, findMany } = withRows();
+      await service.getLogs();
+      expect(findMany.mock.calls[0][0]).toMatchObject({
+        take: 50,
+        skip: 0,
+        orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('filters by exact actor and a date range', async () => {
+      const { service, findMany } = withRows();
+      await service.getLogs({ iamUserId: 'iam-user-1', from: '2026-08-01', to: '2026-08-18' });
+
+      const where = findMany.mock.calls[0][0].where;
+      expect(where.iamUserId).toBe('iam-user-1');
+      expect(where.createdAt.gte).toEqual(new Date('2026-08-01'));
+      expect(where.createdAt.lte).toEqual(new Date('2026-08-18'));
+    });
+
+    it('ignores an unparseable date instead of returning nothing', async () => {
+      const { service, findMany } = withRows();
+      await service.getLogs({ from: 'not-a-date' });
+      expect(findMany.mock.calls[0][0].where.createdAt).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('searches the denormalized actor name and phone, not just ids', async () => {
+      const { service, findMany } = withRows();
+      await service.getLogs({ search: 'abebe' });
+
+      const fields = findMany.mock.calls[0][0].where.OR.map((c: any) => Object.keys(c)[0]);
+      expect(fields).toEqual(
+        expect.arrayContaining(['entityId', 'iamUserId', 'userName', 'userPhone']),
+      );
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe('audit snapshot helpers', () => {
+  it('keeps only the listed fields', () => {
+    const entity = { id: 'x', name: 'Dire Dawa', code: 'DD', internalNote: 'do not log' };
+    expect(snapshot(entity, ['name', 'code'])).toEqual({ name: 'Dire Dawa', code: 'DD' });
+  });
+
+  it('drops absent fields rather than writing undefined', () => {
+    expect(snapshot({ name: 'X', code: undefined } as any, ['name', 'code'])).toEqual({ name: 'X' });
+  });
+
+  it('returns undefined for a missing entity so oldData is simply omitted', () => {
+    expect(snapshot(null, ['name'] as any)).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('redacts credentials even when a caller asks for them', () => {
+    const charge = { paymentToken: 'tok-live-1', amountMinor: 1000 } as any;
+    expect(snapshot(charge, ['paymentToken', 'amountMinor'])).toEqual({
+      paymentToken: '[redacted]',
+      amountMinor: 1000,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('redacts on word boundaries, not raw substrings', () => {
+    // "shipping" contains the letters of "pin"; it is not a credential.
+    const row = { shippingNote: 'leave at gate', otp: '4530', national_id: 'ETH-1' } as any;
+    expect(auditPayload(row)).toEqual({
+      shippingNote: 'leave at gate',
+      otp: '[redacted]',
+      national_id: '[redacted]',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('flattens dates so two snapshots can be compared', () => {
+    const at = new Date('2026-08-18T06:00:00.000Z');
+    expect(snapshot({ departureAt: at } as any, ['departureAt'])).toEqual({
+      departureAt: '2026-08-18T06:00:00.000Z',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('reduces a before/after pair to the fields that actually moved', () => {
+    const before = { status: 'SCHEDULED', departureTime: '08:00' };
+    const after = { status: 'CANCELLED', departureTime: '08:00' };
+    expect(changedFields(before, after)).toEqual({
+      oldData: { status: 'SCHEDULED' },
+      newData: { status: 'CANCELLED' },
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit.service.ts
index cff5403da..496c13655 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/audit.service.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,38 @@
 import { Injectable, Inject, Logger, Optional } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { REQUEST } from '@nestjs/core';
 import { PrismaService } from './prisma.service';
+import { AuditAction } from './audit.actions';
+import { resolveActingUser } from './acting-user';
+
+export interface AuditLogInput {
+  /**
+   * Overrides the actor. Leave it out on any request-scoped path — `log()` resolves the
+   * authenticated IAM user from the request, which is the only source a caller cannot forge.
+   */
+  userId?: string;
+  userName?: string;
+  userPhone?: string;
+  /** See `AUDIT_ACTIONS`. Widened to `string` so the 57 pre-existing call sites still compile. */
+  action: AuditAction | string;
+  entityType: string;
+  entityId?: string;
+  oldData?: any;
+  newData?: any;
+}
+
+export interface AuditLogFilters {
+  search?: string;
+  action?: string;
+  entityType?: string;
+  /** Exact IAM user id — "everything this staff member did". */
+  iamUserId?: string;
+  /** Inclusive lower bound on `createdAt`. */
+  from?: Date | string;
+  /** Inclusive upper bound on `createdAt`. */
+  to?: Date | string;
+  limit?: number;
+  offset?: number;
+}
 
 @Injectable()
 export class AuditService {
@@ -10,21 +42,21 @@ export class AuditService {
     @Optional() @Inject(REQUEST) private request?: any,
   ) {}
 
-  async log(input: {
-    userId?: string;
-    action: 'CREATE' | 'UPDATE' | 'DELETE' | 'LOGIN' | 'LOGOUT' | 'VERIFY' | string;
-    entityType: string;
-    entityId?: string;
-    oldData?: any;
-    newData?: any;
-  }) {
+  async log(input: AuditLogInput) {
     try {
+      // The actor is read off the guarded request rather than trusted from the caller, so a
+      // request body can never decide whose name lands in the trail. Callers may still pass
+      // `userId` explicitly for system paths (crons, queue consumers) that have no request.
+      const actor = this.request ? resolveActingUser(this.request) : null;
+
       const ipAddress = this.getIpAddress();
       const userAgent = this.getUserAgent();
 
       await this.prisma.auditLog.create({
         data: {
-          iamUserId: input.userId,
+          iamUserId: input.userId ?? actor?.id ?? null,
+          userName: input.userName ?? actor?.name ?? null,
+          userPhone: input.userPhone ?? actor?.phone ?? null,
           action: input.action,
           entityType: input.entityType,
           entityId: input.entityId,
@@ -41,11 +73,14 @@ export class AuditService {
   }
 
   private getIpAddress(): string {
-    if (!this.request) return '';
-    
+    // `headers` is absent on non-HTTP contexts (queue consumers resolve this service with a
+    // bare request stub); reading through it unguarded used to throw and silently drop the row.
+    const headers = this.request?.headers;
+    if (!headers) return this.request?.ip || '';
+
     return (
-      this.request.headers['x-forwarded-for']?.split(',')[0].trim() ||
-      this.request.headers['x-real-ip'] ||
+      headers['x-forwarded-for']?.split(',')[0].trim() ||
+      headers['x-real-ip'] ||
       this.request.connection?.remoteAddress ||
       this.request.socket?.remoteAddress ||
       this.request.ip ||
@@ -57,13 +92,15 @@ export class AuditService {
     return this.request?.headers?.['user-agent'] || '';
   }
 
-  async getLogs(filters: any = {}) {
+  async getLogs(filters: AuditLogFilters = {}) {
     const where: any = {};
 
     if (filters.search) {
       where.OR = [
         { entityId: { contains: filters.search, mode: 'insensitive' } },
         { iamUserId: { contains: filters.search, mode: 'insensitive' } },
+        { userName: { contains: filters.search, mode: 'insensitive' } },
+        { userPhone: { contains: filters.search, mode: 'insensitive' } },
       ];
     }
 
@@ -75,6 +112,15 @@ export class AuditService {
       where.entityType = filters.entityType;
     }
 
+    if (filters.iamUserId) {
+      where.iamUserId = filters.iamUserId;
+    }
+
+    const createdAt = this.dateRange(filters.from, filters.to);
+    if (createdAt) {
+      where.createdAt = createdAt;
+    }
+
     const limit = Math.min(filters.limit ?? 50, 200);
     const offset = filters.offset ?? 0;
 
@@ -94,4 +140,23 @@ export class AuditService {
   async getLog(id: string) {
     return this.prisma.auditLog.findUnique({ where: { id } });
   }
+
+  /** Builds a Prisma date filter, ignoring bounds that don't parse. */
+  private dateRange(from?: Date | string, to?: Date | string) {
+    const range: { gte?: Date; lte?: Date } = {};
+
+    const lower = this.toDate(from);
+    if (lower) range.gte = lower;
+
+    const upper = this.toDate(to);
+    if (upper) range.lte = upper;
+
+    return Object.keys(range).length ? range : undefined;
+  }
+
+  private toDate(value?: Date | string): Date | undefined {
+    if (!value) return undefined;
+    const date = value instanceof Date ? value : new Date(value);
+    return Number.isNaN(date.getTime()) ? undefined : date;
+  }
 }
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/utils/booking-sms.utils.spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/utils/booking-sms.utils.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93fa94b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/utils/booking-sms.utils.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import { buildSeatSummary } from './booking-sms.utils';
+
+const seat = (passengerName: string, seatNumber: string, leg = 1, coachType = 'VIP Bed') => ({
+  passengerName,
+  leg,
+  seat: { seatNumber, coach: { number: 'VIP-0001 (DJ)', coachType: { name: coachType } } },
+});
+
+describe('buildSeatSummary', () => {
+  it('greets a solo traveller by name and omits the name from the seat line', () => {
+    const { passengerName, trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary([seat('Yanet', '9')], 'ONE_WAY');
+
+    expect(passengerName).toBe('Yanet');
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toBe('VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 9');
+    expect(trainSeatLines).not.toContain('Train/Seat');
+    expect(trainSeatLines).not.toContain('Yanet');
+  });
+
+  it('greets a group collectively and names each seat', () => {
+    const { passengerName, trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary(
+      [seat('Yanet', '4'), seat('Abebe', '6'), seat('Sara', '9'), seat('Helen', '10')],
+      'ONE_WAY',
+    );
+
+    expect(passengerName).toBe('Passengers');
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toBe(
+      [
+        'Yanet, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 4',
+        'Abebe, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 6',
+        'Sara, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 9',
+        'Helen, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 10',
+      ].join('\n'),
+    );
+  });
+
+  // The reported bug: the seats query had no orderBy, so Postgres heap order put the LAST
+  // passenger first and the SMS greeted them while texting the first passenger's phone.
+  it('is immune to seat rows arriving in an arbitrary order', () => {
+    const rows = [seat('Yanet', '9'), seat('Helen', '10'), seat('Abebe', '6'), seat('Sara', '4')];
+
+    const { passengerName, trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary(rows, 'ONE_WAY');
+
+    expect(passengerName).toBe('Passengers');
+    // Every line pairs the right person with their own seat, regardless of input order.
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toBe(
+      [
+        'Sara, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 4',
+        'Abebe, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 6',
+        'Yanet, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 9',
+        'Helen, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 10',
+      ].join('\n'),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('sorts seat numbers numerically, not lexicographically', () => {
+    const { trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary(
+      [seat('A', '9'), seat('B', '10'), seat('C', '6'), seat('D', '4')],
+      'ONE_WAY',
+    );
+
+    expect(trainSeatLines.match(/seat no\. \d+/g)).toEqual([
+      'seat no. 4',
+      'seat no. 6',
+      'seat no. 9',
+      'seat no. 10',
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('labels round-trip legs as Outbound/Return, listing each passenger once per leg', () => {
+    const { passengerName, trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary(
+      [seat('Yanet', '9', 1), seat('Abebe', '10', 1), seat('Yanet', '3', 2), seat('Abebe', '4', 2)],
+      'ROUND_TRIP',
+    );
+
+    expect(passengerName).toBe('Passengers');
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toBe(
+      [
+        'Outbound:',
+        'Yanet, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 9',
+        'Abebe, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 10',
+        'Return:',
+        'Yanet, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 3',
+        'Abebe, VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 4',
+      ].join('\n'),
+    );
+  });
+
+  // TRANSIT leg 2 is a connecting segment of the same outbound journey — never a return.
+  it('labels transit legs as Leg 1/Leg 2, never Return', () => {
+    const { trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary(
+      [seat('Yanet', '9', 1), seat('Abebe', '10', 1), seat('Yanet', '3', 2), seat('Abebe', '4', 2)],
+      'TRANSIT',
+    );
+
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toContain('Leg 1:');
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toContain('Leg 2:');
+    expect(trainSeatLines).not.toContain('Return');
+    expect(trainSeatLines).not.toContain('Outbound');
+  });
+
+  it('labels all four round-trip-transit legs', () => {
+    const { trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary(
+      [1, 2, 3, 4].map((leg) => seat('Yanet', String(leg), leg)),
+      'ROUND_TRIP_TRANSIT',
+    );
+
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toBe(
+      [
+        'Outbound leg 1:',
+        'VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 1',
+        'Outbound leg 2:',
+        'VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 2',
+        'Return leg 1:',
+        'VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 3',
+        'Return leg 2:',
+        'VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 4',
+      ].join('\n'),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('greets a solo round-trip traveller by name (same person on both legs)', () => {
+    const { passengerName } = buildSeatSummary(
+      [seat('Yanet', '9', 1), seat('Yanet', '3', 2)],
+      'ROUND_TRIP',
+    );
+
+    expect(passengerName).toBe('Yanet');
+  });
+
+  it('trims a trailing space on the coach type instead of emitting "Bed , seat"', () => {
+    const { trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary([seat('Yanet', '9', 1, 'VIP Bed ')], 'ONE_WAY');
+
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toBe('VIP-0001 (DJ) VIP Bed, seat no. 9');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back safely on empty or malformed input', () => {
+    expect(buildSeatSummary([], 'ONE_WAY')).toEqual({ passengerName: 'Passenger', trainSeatLines: '' });
+
+    const { passengerName, trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary([{ leg: 1 }], 'ONE_WAY');
+    expect(passengerName).toBe('Passenger');
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toBe('-, seat no. -');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to a generic leg heading for an unknown booking type', () => {
+    const { trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary(
+      [seat('Yanet', '9', 1), seat('Yanet', '3', 2)],
+      'SOMETHING_NEW',
+    );
+
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toContain('Leg 1:');
+    expect(trainSeatLines).toContain('Leg 2:');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/utils/booking-sms.utils.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/utils/booking-sms.utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18b1db9ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/common/utils/booking-sms.utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/**
+ * Builds the two passenger-facing values the `booking.created` SMS/email template needs:
+ * the `{{passengerName}}` salutation and the `{{trainSeatLines}}` block.
+ *
+ * Why this is a shared pure helper rather than inline logic: the salutation used to be
+ * `seats[0]?.passengerName`, and the query loading those seats had no `orderBy`. Postgres
+ * returns heap order for an unordered SELECT, and an UPDATE relocates a row to the end of
+ * the heap — so a group booking regularly greeted the LAST passenger while texting the
+ * first one's phone. Deriving both values from the whole seat set, sorted deterministically,
+ * removes the dependency on row order entirely, and keeps the formatting unit-testable
+ * without a Nest testing module.
+ *
+ * Group bookings send ONE SMS to Booking.contactPhone by design — BookingSeat has no
+ * phone/email column, so there is no per-passenger recipient. Hence 2+ passengers are
+ * greeted collectively and each seat line names its own occupant.
+ */
+
+export interface SeatSummary {
+  /** Salutation: the traveller's name when solo, otherwise 'Passengers'. */
+  passengerName: string;
+  /** One line per booked seat, newline-joined, with a heading per leg on multi-leg bookings. */
+  trainSeatLines: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Seat numbers are stored as strings of digits (Seat.seatNumber), so they must be compared
+ * numerically — a plain string compare orders '10' before '9'. Non-numeric labels sort last,
+ * then alphabetically among themselves.
+ */
+function compareSeatNumber(a: string, b: string): number {
+  const na = Number.parseInt(a, 10);
+  const nb = Number.parseInt(b, 10);
+  const aNum = Number.isNaN(na);
+  const bNum = Number.isNaN(nb);
+  if (aNum && bNum) return a.localeCompare(b);
+  if (aNum) return 1;
+  if (bNum) return -1;
+  return na - nb || a.localeCompare(b);
+}
+
+const str = (v: unknown): string => (typeof v === 'string' ? v.trim() : v == null ? '' : String(v).trim());
+
+const ROUND_TRIP_TRANSIT_LEGS: Record<number, string> = {
+  1: 'Outbound leg 1',
+  2: 'Outbound leg 2',
+  3: 'Return leg 1',
+  4: 'Return leg 2',
+};
+
+/**
+ * Leg numbering means different things per booking type — see the enum documented on
+ * TicketsController.validate. TRANSIT's leg 2 is a connecting segment of the SAME outbound
+ * journey, so it must never be labelled 'Return'.
+ */
+function legLabel(bookingType: string | undefined, leg: number): string {
+  switch (bookingType) {
+    case 'ROUND_TRIP':
+      return leg === 1 ? 'Outbound' : leg === 2 ? 'Return' : `Leg ${leg}`;
+    case 'TRANSIT':
+      return `Leg ${leg}`;
+    case 'ROUND_TRIP_TRANSIT':
+      return ROUND_TRIP_TRANSIT_LEGS[leg] ?? `Leg ${leg}`;
+    default:
+      // Unknown or newly added booking type — degrade to a generic heading rather than guessing.
+      return `Leg ${leg}`;
+  }
+}
+
+export function buildSeatSummary(seats: any[], bookingType?: string): SeatSummary {
+  const rows = [...(seats ?? [])].sort(
+    (a, b) =>
+      (a?.leg ?? 1) - (b?.leg ?? 1) ||
+      str(a?.seat?.coach?.number).localeCompare(str(b?.seat?.coach?.number)) ||
+      compareSeatNumber(str(a?.seat?.seatNumber), str(b?.seat?.seatNumber)),
+  );
+
+  // Distinct travellers. A round-trip/transit booking has one row per passenger PER LEG, so
+  // the same name legitimately repeats — count people, not rows.
+  const names: string[] = [];
+  for (const row of rows) {
+    const name = str(row?.passengerName);
+    if (name && !names.includes(name)) names.push(name);
+  }
+  const isGroup = names.length > 1;
+
+  const line = (row: any): string => {
+    const coach = str(row?.seat?.coach?.number) || '-';
+    const coachType = str(row?.seat?.coach?.coachType?.name);
+    const seatNo = str(row?.seat?.seatNumber) || '-';
+    // Trim each part before joining: the coach-type name carries a trailing space in some
+    // records, which a `.replace(/ +/g, ' ')` collapse cannot remove (it shrinks runs of
+    // spaces but leaves a single one), and it surfaced as 'VIP Bed , seat no. 9'.
+    const where = [coach, coachType].filter(Boolean).join(' ');
+    const who = isGroup ? `${str(row?.passengerName) || 'Passenger'}, ` : '';
+    return `${who}${where}, seat no. ${seatNo}`;
+  };
+
+  const legs = [...new Set(rows.map((row) => row?.leg ?? 1))];
+  const trainSeatLines =
+    legs.length > 1
+      ? legs
+          .map((leg) =>
+            [
+              `${legLabel(bookingType, leg)}:`,
+              ...rows.filter((row) => (row?.leg ?? 1) === leg).map(line),
+            ].join('\n'),
+          )
+          .join('\n')
+      : rows.map(line).join('\n');
+
+  return {
+    passengerName: isGroup ? 'Passengers' : (names[0] || 'Passenger'),
+    trainSeatLines,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/audit/audit.controller.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/audit/audit.controller.ts
index 3a1e94760..a56e5cf86 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/audit/audit.controller.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/audit/audit.controller.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-import { Controller, Get, Param, Query } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { Controller, Get, Param, ParseIntPipe, Query } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { ApiTags, ApiOperation, ApiBearerAuth, ApiQuery } from '@nestjs/swagger';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
 import { PassengerStaff } from '../../common/passenger-guards';
 import { PASSENGER_PERMS } from '../../seed/passenger-permissions.registry';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
 
 @ApiTags('Audit')
 @Controller('audit')
@@ -16,24 +17,52 @@ export class AuditController {
     summary: 'Get audit logs',
     description: 'Retrieve system audit logs with optional filtering',
   })
-  @ApiQuery({ name: 'search', required: false, description: 'Search by user email or entity ID' })
-  @ApiQuery({ name: 'action', required: false, description: 'Filter by action (CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE, etc.)' })
-  @ApiQuery({ name: 'entityType', required: false, description: 'Filter by entity type (Booking, Station, etc.)' })
+  @ApiQuery({ name: 'search', required: false, description: 'Match entity ID, actor ID, actor name, or actor phone' })
+  @ApiQuery({ name: 'action', required: false, description: 'Filter by action (CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE, BOARD, WAIVE, ...)' })
+  @ApiQuery({ name: 'entityType', required: false, description: 'Filter by entity type (Booking, Station, Ticket, ...)' })
+  @ApiQuery({ name: 'iamUserId', required: false, description: 'Exact IAM user id — everything one staff member did' })
+  @ApiQuery({ name: 'from', required: false, description: 'Earliest createdAt (ISO 8601), inclusive' })
+  @ApiQuery({ name: 'to', required: false, description: 'Latest createdAt (ISO 8601), inclusive' })
+  @ApiQuery({ name: 'limit', required: false, type: Number, description: 'Page size (default 50, max 200)' })
+  @ApiQuery({ name: 'offset', required: false, type: Number, description: 'Rows to skip (default 0)' })
   async getLogs(
     @Query('search') search?: string,
     @Query('action') action?: string,
     @Query('entityType') entityType?: string,
+    @Query('iamUserId') iamUserId?: string,
+    @Query('from') from?: string,
+    @Query('to') to?: string,
+    // The service has always implemented paging; the controller simply never forwarded it, which
+    // pinned the backoffice page and its CSV export to the 50 newest rows.
+    @Query('limit', new ParseIntPipe({ optional: true })) limit?: number,
+    @Query('offset', new ParseIntPipe({ optional: true })) offset?: number,
   ) {
-    const filters = {
+    const result = await this.auditService.getLogs({
       search: search || undefined,
       action: action || undefined,
       entityType: entityType || undefined,
-    };
-
-    const result = await this.auditService.getLogs(filters);
+      iamUserId: iamUserId || undefined,
+      from: from || undefined,
+      to: to || undefined,
+      limit,
+      offset,
+    });
     return { items: result.data, total: result.total, limit: result.limit, offset: result.offset };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The vocabularies the writers use, so the backoffice filters stay in step with what the API
+   * actually records instead of drifting behind a hand-maintained list.
+   */
+  @Get('vocabulary')
+  @ApiOperation({ summary: 'Audit action and entity-type vocabularies' })
+  getVocabulary() {
+    return {
+      actions: Object.values(AUDIT_ACTIONS),
+      entityTypes: Object.values(AUDIT_ENTITIES),
+    };
+  }
+
   @Get('logs/:id')
   @ApiOperation({ summary: 'Get audit log by ID' })
   async getLog(@Param('id') id: string) {
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/booking-identity.util.spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/booking-identity.util.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1acb6cd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/booking-identity.util.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import { BadRequestException } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { IdDocumentType } from '@prisma/client';
+import {
+  assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked,
+  resolveIdentityRef,
+} from './booking-identity.util';
+import { PrismaService } from '../../common/prisma.service';
+
+// ── Fixtures ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const SCHEDULE = 'schedule-1';
+const RETURN_SCHEDULE = 'schedule-2';
+
+const makePrisma = (clash: any = null) =>
+  ({ bookingSeat: { findFirst: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(clash) } }) as unknown as PrismaService;
+
+const traveller = (passengerName: string, identityRef: string | null) => ({
+  passengerName,
+  identityRef,
+});
+
+// ── resolveIdentityRef ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('resolveIdentityRef', () => {
+  it('uses the Fayda sub for national-ID travellers', () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveIdentityRef({
+        idDocumentType: IdDocumentType.NATIONAL_ID,
+        faydaSub: 'psut-abc',
+        passportNumber: 'P1234567',
+      }),
+    ).toBe('psut-abc');
+  });
+
+  it('uses the passport number for passport travellers, normalised to upper case', () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveIdentityRef({
+        idDocumentType: IdDocumentType.PASSPORT,
+        faydaSub: 'psut-abc',
+        passportNumber: ' p1234567 ',
+      }),
+    ).toBe('P1234567');
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when there is nothing to key on — children and Fayda-disabled bookings', () => {
+    expect(resolveIdentityRef({ idDocumentType: IdDocumentType.NATIONAL_ID })).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      resolveIdentityRef({ idDocumentType: IdDocumentType.NATIONAL_ID, faydaSub: '   ' }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect(resolveIdentityRef({ idDocumentType: IdDocumentType.PASSPORT })).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+// ── assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked', () => {
+  it('rejects the same identity used twice inside one payload', async () => {
+    const prisma = makePrisma();
+    await expect(
+      assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(
+        prisma,
+        [traveller('Abebe Kebede', 'psut-abc'), traveller('Sara Ali', 'psut-abc')],
+        [SCHEDULE],
+      ),
+    ).rejects.toThrow(BadRequestException);
+    // Rejected before touching the database.
+    expect(prisma.bookingSeat.findFirst).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('ignores passengers with no identity — two children never collide with each other', async () => {
+    const prisma = makePrisma();
+    await expect(
+      assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(
+        prisma,
+        [traveller('Child One', null), traveller('Child Two', null)],
+        [SCHEDULE],
+      ),
+    ).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+    expect(prisma.bookingSeat.findFirst).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('queries every leg of the booking, de-duplicated, for active bookings only', async () => {
+    const prisma = makePrisma();
+    await assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(
+      prisma,
+      [traveller('Abebe Kebede', 'psut-abc')],
+      [SCHEDULE, RETURN_SCHEDULE, SCHEDULE, null, undefined],
+    );
+
+    const { where } = (prisma.bookingSeat.findFirst as jest.Mock).mock.calls[0][0];
+    expect(where.scheduleId).toEqual({ in: [SCHEDULE, RETURN_SCHEDULE] });
+    expect(where.idDocumentNumber).toEqual({ in: ['psut-abc'] });
+    expect(where.booking.status.in).toEqual(['DRAFT', 'PENDING_PAYMENT', 'CONFIRMED', 'BOARDED']);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects an identity that already holds a ticket on the departure', async () => {
+    const prisma = makePrisma({
+      idDocumentNumber: 'psut-abc',
+      passengerName: 'Abebe K.',
+      booking: { bookingRef: 'ABCDEF', status: 'CONFIRMED' },
+    });
+
+    await expect(
+      assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(prisma, [traveller('Abebe Kebede', 'psut-abc')], [SCHEDULE]),
+    ).rejects.toThrow(/Abebe Kebede already has a ticket on this train \(booking ABCDEF\)/);
+  });
+
+  it('points an unpaid clash at the booking the traveller still has to settle', async () => {
+    const prisma = makePrisma({
+      idDocumentNumber: 'psut-abc',
+      passengerName: 'Abebe K.',
+      booking: { bookingRef: 'ABCDEF', status: 'PENDING_PAYMENT' },
+    });
+
+    await expect(
+      assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(prisma, [traveller('Abebe Kebede', 'psut-abc')], [SCHEDULE]),
+    ).rejects.toThrow(/already has an unpaid booking \(ABCDEF\)/);
+  });
+
+  it('allows the booking when nothing active matches — a cancelled ticket frees the identity', async () => {
+    const prisma = makePrisma(null);
+    await expect(
+      assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(
+        prisma,
+        [traveller('Abebe Kebede', 'psut-abc'), traveller('Sara Ali', 'P7654321')],
+        [SCHEDULE],
+      ),
+    ).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/booking-identity.util.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/booking-identity.util.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd5385765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/booking-identity.util.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import { BadRequestException } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { BookingStatus, IdDocumentType } from '@prisma/client';
+import { PrismaService } from '../../common/prisma.service';
+
+/**
+ * Booking states that still hold a traveller's place on a departure. CANCELLED, REFUNDED and
+ * NO_SHOW are deliberately excluded: cancelling a ticket must immediately free the identity so
+ * the same person can book that train again. PENDING_PAYMENT counts — otherwise the whole check
+ * is bypassable by simply never finishing the first payment.
+ */
+const ACTIVE_BOOKING_STATUSES: BookingStatus[] = [
+  BookingStatus.DRAFT,
+  BookingStatus.PENDING_PAYMENT,
+  BookingStatus.CONFIRMED,
+  BookingStatus.BOARDED,
+];
+
+/**
+ * The single value that identifies a human across bookings: the Fayda subject identifier (PSUT)
+ * for Ethiopians, the passport number for everyone else. It is written to
+ * `BookingSeat.idDocumentNumber` — an existing column, so no migration — and compared there.
+ *
+ * Returns null when there is nothing to key on: children under 5 have no Fayda, and neither does
+ * a booking made while the Fayda integration is switched off. Those passengers are simply not
+ * deduplicated rather than being blocked.
+ *
+ * Both inputs come from the client, so this stops honest misuse of the booking form, not a
+ * hand-crafted POST. Binding the sub to the server-side verification session is the follow-up
+ * that would make it tamper-proof.
+ */
+export function resolveIdentityRef(passenger: {
+  idDocumentType?: IdDocumentType | null;
+  faydaSub?: string | null;
+  passportNumber?: string | null;
+}): string | null {
+  if (passenger.idDocumentType === IdDocumentType.PASSPORT) {
+    // Hand-typed, so normalise case — "p1234567" and "P1234567" are the same document.
+    const passport = passenger.passportNumber?.trim().toUpperCase();
+    return passport || null;
+  }
+  const sub = passenger.faydaSub?.trim();
+  return sub || null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rejects a booking when one identity would occupy more than one seat on the same departure —
+ * either twice within this payload, or once here and once on an existing active booking.
+ *
+ * Keyed on `BookingSeat.scheduleId`, which is per leg, so round-trip outbound/return and transit
+ * leg-1/leg-2 are naturally treated as separate departures and never collide with each other.
+ */
+export async function assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(
+  prisma: PrismaService,
+  passengers: Array<{ passengerName: string; identityRef: string | null }>,
+  scheduleIds: Array<string | null | undefined>,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const nameByIdentity = new Map<string, string>();
+  for (const passenger of passengers) {
+    if (!passenger.identityRef) continue;
+    const alreadyUsedBy = nameByIdentity.get(passenger.identityRef);
+    if (alreadyUsedBy !== undefined) {
+      throw new BadRequestException(
+        `${passenger.passengerName} and ${alreadyUsedBy} were verified with the same identity. ` +
+          `Each traveller must be verified with their own Fayda or passport.`,
+      );
+    }
+    nameByIdentity.set(passenger.identityRef, passenger.passengerName);
+  }
+
+  const identityRefs = [...nameByIdentity.keys()];
+  const targetScheduleIds = [...new Set(scheduleIds.filter((id): id is string => !!id))];
+  if (!identityRefs.length || !targetScheduleIds.length) return;
+
+  const clash = await prisma.bookingSeat.findFirst({
+    where: {
+      scheduleId: { in: targetScheduleIds },
+      idDocumentNumber: { in: identityRefs },
+      booking: { status: { in: ACTIVE_BOOKING_STATUSES } },
+    },
+    select: {
+      idDocumentNumber: true,
+      passengerName: true,
+      booking: { select: { bookingRef: true, status: true } },
+    },
+  });
+  if (!clash) return;
+
+  const traveller = nameByIdentity.get(clash.idDocumentNumber!) ?? clash.passengerName;
+  throw new BadRequestException(
+    clash.booking.status === BookingStatus.PENDING_PAYMENT
+      ? `${traveller} already has an unpaid booking (${clash.booking.bookingRef}) on this train. ` +
+          `Complete or cancel that booking before making a new one.`
+      : `${traveller} already has a ticket on this train (booking ${clash.booking.bookingRef}). ` +
+          `Each traveller may hold only one ticket per departure.`,
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/bookings.dto.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/bookings.dto.ts
index 42d4af0d9..454339516 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/bookings.dto.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/bookings.dto.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ export class PassengerInputDto {
   dateOfBirth: Date;
   @ApiProperty({ example: 'NATIONAL_ID', enum: IdDocumentType, description: 'NATIONAL_ID for Ethiopians (Verifayda verified), PASSPORT for others' }) @IsEnum(IdDocumentType) idDocumentType: IdDocumentType;
   @ApiPropertyOptional({ example: 'ET123456789', description: 'Ethiopian national ID - verified via Verifayda 2.0 (NOT stored in database)' }) @IsOptional() @IsString() idDocumentNumber?: string;
+  @ApiPropertyOptional({ example: '8267a1f4-...', description: 'Fayda subject identifier (PSUT) from POST /fayda/verification/complete. Stored on the booking seat and compared across bookings so one Fayda identity cannot hold two seats on the same departure.' }) @IsOptional() @IsString() faydaSub?: string;
   @ApiPropertyOptional({ example: 'P1234567', description: 'Passport number for non-Ethiopian passengers (no verification)' }) @IsOptional() @IsString() passportNumber?: string;
   @ApiPropertyOptional({ example: 'Djibouti', description: 'Passport issuing country for non-Ethiopians' }) @IsOptional() @IsString() passportCountry?: string;
   @ApiPropertyOptional({ example: 'Ethiopian', description: 'Ethiopian (Verifayda + Telebirr/CBE/eBirr), Djiboutian (Passport + Waafi), Other (Passport + Card)' }) @IsOptional() @IsString() nationality?: string;
@@ -67,11 +68,19 @@ export class RoundTripPassengerDto {
     description: 'Ethiopian national ID - verified via Verifayda 2.0 (NOT stored in database)' 
   }) 
   @IsOptional() @IsString() idDocumentNumber?: string;
-  
-  @ApiPropertyOptional({ 
-    example: 'P1234567', 
-    description: 'Passport number for non-Ethiopian passengers (no verification)' 
-  }) 
+
+  @ApiPropertyOptional({
+    example: '8267a1f4-...',
+    description:
+      'Fayda subject identifier (PSUT) from POST /fayda/verification/complete. Stored on the booking seat ' +
+      'and compared across bookings so one Fayda identity cannot hold two seats on the same departure.'
+  })
+  @IsOptional() @IsString() faydaSub?: string;
+
+  @ApiPropertyOptional({
+    example: 'P1234567',
+    description: 'Passport number for non-Ethiopian passengers (no verification)'
+  })
   @IsOptional() @IsString() passportNumber?: string;
   
   @ApiPropertyOptional({ 
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/bookings.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/bookings.service.ts
index 6330c8cc6..fc958be70 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/bookings.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/bookings.service.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { SeatsService } from '../seats/seats.service';
 import { TicketsService } from '../tickets/tickets.service';
 import { EventEmitter2 } from '@nestjs/event-emitter';
 import { CreateBookingDto, ModifyBookingDto } from './bookings.dto';
+import { assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked, resolveIdentityRef } from './booking-identity.util';
 import { Cron, CronExpression } from '@nestjs/schedule';
 import { VerifaydaService } from '../verifayda/verifayda.service';
 import { CurrencyService } from '../currency/currency.service';
@@ -870,6 +871,11 @@ export class BookingsService {
       this.resolveIamContact(dto.passengerId),
     ]);
     const { adultCount, childCount } = this.countPassengers(passengersData);
+
+    // One traveller, one seat per departure — checked before any fare/hold work so a rejected
+    // booking leaves nothing behind.
+    await assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(this.prisma, passengersData, [dto.scheduleId]);
+
     const fareCalculation = dto.packageId && dto.priceTierId
       ? await this.calculatePackageFare(dto.priceTierId, adultCount, childCount)
       : await this.calculateFare(dto.scheduleId, dto.seatClassId, originStop, destStop, passengersData[0]?.nationality, adultCount, childCount, dto.promoCode, dto.loyaltyRedemptionPoints);
@@ -997,6 +1003,7 @@ export class BookingsService {
             dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
             passengerCategory: p.category,
             idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+            idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
             passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
             passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
             verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -1082,6 +1089,11 @@ export class BookingsService {
     ]);
     const { adultCount, childCount } = this.countPassengers(passengersData);
 
+    await assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(this.prisma, passengersData, [
+      dto.scheduleId,
+      dto.returnScheduleId,
+    ]);
+
     // Package bookings use fixed tier price split equally across both legs
     let outboundFare: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof this.calculateFare>>;
     let returnFare:   Awaited<ReturnType<typeof this.calculateFare>>;
@@ -1220,6 +1232,7 @@ export class BookingsService {
               dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
               passengerCategory: p.category,
               idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+              idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
               passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
               passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
               verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -1235,6 +1248,7 @@ export class BookingsService {
               dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
               passengerCategory: p.category,
               idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+              idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
               passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
               passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
               verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -1340,6 +1354,11 @@ export class BookingsService {
     ]);
     const { adultCount, childCount } = this.countPassengers(passengersData);
 
+    await assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(this.prisma, passengersData, [
+      dto.scheduleId,
+      dto.leg2ScheduleId,
+    ]);
+
     const leg2SeatClassId = dto.leg2SeatClassId ?? dto.seatClassId;
     const [leg1Fare, leg2Fare] = await Promise.all([
       this.calculateFare(dto.scheduleId, dto.seatClassId, leg1OriginStop, leg1DestStop, passengersData[0]?.nationality, adultCount, childCount),
@@ -1425,6 +1444,7 @@ export class BookingsService {
               dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
               passengerCategory: p.category,
               idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+              idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
               passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
               passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
               verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -1440,6 +1460,7 @@ export class BookingsService {
               dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
               passengerCategory: p.category,
               idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+              idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
               passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
               passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
               verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -1563,6 +1584,14 @@ export class BookingsService {
       this.resolveIamContact(dto.passengerId),
     ]);
     const { adultCount, childCount } = this.countPassengers(passengersData);
+
+    await assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(this.prisma, passengersData, [
+      dto.scheduleId,
+      dto.leg2ScheduleId,
+      dto.returnScheduleId,
+      dto.returnLeg2ScheduleId,
+    ]);
+
     const nat = passengersData[0]?.nationality;
 
     const obL2SeatClassId  = dto.leg2SeatClassId        ?? dto.seatClassId;
@@ -1626,6 +1655,7 @@ export class BookingsService {
       dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
       passengerCategory: p.category,
       idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+      idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
       passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
       passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
       verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -1727,7 +1757,7 @@ export class BookingsService {
         nationality = nationality || (passenger.passportCountry === 'Djibouti' ? 'Djiboutian' : 'Other');
       }
 
-      processedPassengers.push({ ...passenger, passengerName, dateOfBirth, category, verifaydaVerified, verifaydaData, nationality });
+      processedPassengers.push({ ...passenger, passengerName, dateOfBirth, category, verifaydaVerified, verifaydaData, nationality, identityRef: resolveIdentityRef(passenger) });
     }
     return processedPassengers;
   }
@@ -1764,6 +1794,7 @@ export class BookingsService {
         verifaydaVerified,
         verifaydaData,
         nationality,
+        identityRef: resolveIdentityRef(passenger),
         // Normalise: PassengerInputDto uses seatId/returnSeatId; RoundTripPassengerDto uses
         // outboundSeatId/returnSeatId. Accept either form so both DTOs work.
         outboundSeatId:    passenger.outboundSeatId    ?? passenger.seatId,
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/guest-booking.dto.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/guest-booking.dto.ts
index ac60b8480..7065b6183 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/guest-booking.dto.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/guest-booking.dto.ts
@@ -25,10 +25,19 @@ export class GuestPassengerDto {
   @ApiProperty({ example: 'NATIONAL_ID', enum: IdDocumentType, description: 'NATIONAL_ID for Ethiopians (Verifayda verified), PASSPORT for others' }) 
   @IsEnum(IdDocumentType) idDocumentType: IdDocumentType;
 
-  @ApiPropertyOptional({ example: 'ET123456789', description: 'Ethiopian national ID - verified via Verifayda 2.0 (NOT stored)' }) 
+  @ApiPropertyOptional({ example: 'ET123456789', description: 'Ethiopian national ID - verified via Verifayda 2.0 (NOT stored)' })
   @IsOptional() @IsString() idDocumentNumber?: string;
 
-  @ApiPropertyOptional({ example: 'P1234567', description: 'Passport number for non-Ethiopians' }) 
+  @ApiPropertyOptional({
+    example: '8267a1f4-...',
+    description:
+      'Fayda subject identifier (PSUT) returned by POST /fayda/verification/complete for this traveller. ' +
+      'Stored on the booking seat and compared across bookings so one Fayda identity cannot hold two ' +
+      'seats on the same departure. Omit for children under 5 and non-Ethiopians (the passport number is used instead).',
+  })
+  @IsOptional() @IsString() faydaSub?: string;
+
+  @ApiPropertyOptional({ example: 'P1234567', description: 'Passport number for non-Ethiopians' })
   @IsOptional() @IsString() passportNumber?: string;
 
   @ApiPropertyOptional({ example: 'Djibouti', description: 'Passport issuing country' }) 
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/guest-booking.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/guest-booking.service.ts
index 4b3a9a53d..5484aa658 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/guest-booking.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/bookings/guest-booking.service.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { EventEmitter2 } from '@nestjs/event-emitter';
 import { PaymentsService } from '../payments/payments.service';
 import { SmsClientService } from '../notifications/sms-client.service';
 import { CreateGuestBookingDto, SavedPassengerProfileDto, IssueReservationBookingDto, ReservationBookingKind } from './guest-booking.dto';
+import { assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked, resolveIdentityRef } from './booking-identity.util';
 import { Currency, PassengerCategory, IdDocumentType, PaymentMethodType, PaymentIntentStatus } from '@prisma/client';
 import { JourneyDirection } from '../seats/seats.dto';
 import { resolveCheckinCutoff } from '../../common/utils/checkin-cutoff.utils';
@@ -226,9 +227,14 @@ export class GuestBookingService {
         verifaydaVerified,
         verifaydaData,
         nationality,
+        identityRef: resolveIdentityRef(passenger),
       });
     }
 
+    // One traveller, one seat per departure — checked before any fare/hold work so a rejected
+    // booking leaves nothing behind.
+    await assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(this.prisma, passengersData, [dto.scheduleId]);
+
     // Calculate fare — package bookings use the fixed tier price, bypassing the fare engine
     const isPackageOneway = !!dto.packageId && !!dto.priceTierId;
     let baseFareMinor: number;
@@ -393,6 +399,7 @@ export class GuestBookingService {
             dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
             passengerCategory: p.category,
             idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+            idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
             passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
             passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
             verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -773,9 +780,14 @@ export class GuestBookingService {
         nationality = nationality || 'Other';
       }
 
-      passengersData.push({ ...passenger, passengerName, dateOfBirth, category, verifaydaVerified, verifaydaData, nationality });
+      passengersData.push({ ...passenger, passengerName, dateOfBirth, category, verifaydaVerified, verifaydaData, nationality, identityRef: resolveIdentityRef(passenger) });
     }
 
+    await assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(this.prisma, passengersData, [
+      dto.scheduleId,
+      dto.returnScheduleId,
+    ]);
+
     // Calculate fares for both legs — package bookings use the fixed tier price split across legs
     const returnSeatClassId = dto.returnSeatClassId || dto.seatClassId;
     const isPackageRoundTrip = !!dto.packageId && !!dto.priceTierId;
@@ -936,6 +948,7 @@ export class GuestBookingService {
               dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
               passengerCategory: p.category,
               idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+              idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
               passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
               passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
               verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -951,6 +964,7 @@ export class GuestBookingService {
               dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
               passengerCategory: p.category,
               idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+              idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
               passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
               passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
               verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -1073,9 +1087,14 @@ export class GuestBookingService {
       } else {
         nationality = nationality || 'Other';
       }
-      passengersData.push({ ...passenger, passengerName, dateOfBirth, category, verifaydaVerified, verifaydaData, nationality });
+      passengersData.push({ ...passenger, passengerName, dateOfBirth, category, verifaydaVerified, verifaydaData, nationality, identityRef: resolveIdentityRef(passenger) });
     }
 
+    await assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(this.prisma, passengersData, [
+      dto.scheduleId,
+      dto.leg2ScheduleId,
+    ]);
+
     const leg2SeatClassId = dto.leg2SeatClassId || dto.seatClassId;
     const primaryNationality = passengersData[0]?.nationality;
     const paidChildrenCount = Math.max(0, childCount - 1);
@@ -1146,6 +1165,7 @@ export class GuestBookingService {
               dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
               passengerCategory: p.category,
               idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+              idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
               passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
               passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
               verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -1161,6 +1181,7 @@ export class GuestBookingService {
               dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
               passengerCategory: p.category,
               idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+              idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
               passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
               passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
               verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
@@ -1283,9 +1304,16 @@ export class GuestBookingService {
       } else {
         nationality = nationality || 'Other';
       }
-      passengersData.push({ ...passenger, passengerName, dateOfBirth, category, verifaydaVerified, verifaydaData, nationality });
+      passengersData.push({ ...passenger, passengerName, dateOfBirth, category, verifaydaVerified, verifaydaData, nationality, identityRef: resolveIdentityRef(passenger) });
     }
 
+    await assertIdentitiesNotAlreadyBooked(this.prisma, passengersData, [
+      dto.scheduleId,
+      dto.leg2ScheduleId,
+      dto.returnScheduleId,
+      dto.returnLeg2ScheduleId,
+    ]);
+
     const nat = passengersData[0]?.nationality;
     const paidChildren = Math.max(0, childCount - 1);
     const obL2ClassId = dto.leg2SeatClassId ?? dto.seatClassId;
@@ -1326,6 +1354,7 @@ export class GuestBookingService {
       dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
       passengerCategory: p.category,
       idDocumentType: p.idDocumentType,
+      idDocumentNumber: p.identityRef,
       passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
       passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
       verifaydaVerified: p.verifaydaVerified,
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/currencies/currencies.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/currencies/currencies.service.ts
index 648deb77c..6d1112175 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/currencies/currencies.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/currencies/currencies.service.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { PrismaService } from '../../common/prisma.service';
 import { CurrencyService } from '../currency/currency.service';
 import { CreateCurrencyDto, UpdateCurrencyDto } from './currencies.dto';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
 
 @Injectable()
 export class CurrenciesService {
@@ -59,7 +60,17 @@ export class CurrenciesService {
       },
     });
 
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'Currency', entityId: rate.id, newData: { code, exchangeRate } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Currency,
+      entityId: rate.id,
+      newData: {
+        fromCurrency: rate.fromCurrency,
+        toCurrency: rate.toCurrency,
+        rate: Number(rate.rate),
+        source: rate.source,
+      },
+    });
     return {
       id: rate.id,
       code: rate.toCurrency,
@@ -95,7 +106,22 @@ export class CurrenciesService {
       'MANUAL',
     );
 
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'Currency', entityId: updated.id, newData: { exchangeRate: Number(updated.rate) } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Currency,
+      entityId: updated.id,
+      oldData: {
+        fromCurrency: existing.fromCurrency,
+        toCurrency: existing.toCurrency,
+        rate: Number(existing.rate),
+      },
+      newData: {
+        fromCurrency: updated.fromCurrency,
+        toCurrency: updated.toCurrency,
+        rate: Number(updated.rate),
+        source: updated.source,
+      },
+    });
     return {
       id: updated.id,
       code: updated.toCurrency,
@@ -112,6 +138,8 @@ export class CurrenciesService {
   async syncExchangeRates() {
     // Placeholder: in production this would fetch from an external FX API.
     // For now, return the current rates as-is.
+    // Deliberately unaudited: this writes nothing today. Instrument it in the same commit that
+    // gives it a real external fetch, otherwise the trail claims a change that never happened.
     const currencies = await this.getAllCurrencies();
     return { synced: true, rates: currencies };
   }
@@ -129,7 +157,16 @@ export class CurrenciesService {
     await this.prisma.currencyExchangeRate.deleteMany({
       where: { fromCurrency: existing.fromCurrency, toCurrency: existing.toCurrency },
     });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'Currency', entityId: id, oldData: { toCurrency: existing.toCurrency } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Currency,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: {
+        fromCurrency: existing.fromCurrency,
+        toCurrency: existing.toCurrency,
+        rate: Number(existing.rate),
+      },
+    });
     return { message: 'Currency deleted successfully' };
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/dashboard/dashboard.controller.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/dashboard/dashboard.controller.ts
index eb7bd33b6..6f74ab412 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/dashboard/dashboard.controller.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/dashboard/dashboard.controller.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Controller, Get, Param, SetMetadata, UseGuards } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { Controller, Get, Param, Query, SetMetadata, UseGuards } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { ApiTags, ApiOperation, ApiBearerAuth } from '@nestjs/swagger';
 import { DashboardService } from './dashboard.service';
 import { JwtGuard } from '../../common/jwt.guard';
@@ -16,6 +16,27 @@ export class DashboardController {
   @ApiOperation({ summary: 'Backoffice summary: totals and revenue by currency' })
   getBackofficeStats() { return this.service.getBackofficeStats(); }
 
+  // Two segments, so the single-segment `@Get(':passengerId')` below cannot swallow it
+  // however the routes are ordered. Staff-guarded like backoffice-stats, not JwtGuard.
+  @Get('analytics/bookings')
+  @PassengerStaff([PASSENGER_PERMS.dashboard.view, PASSENGER_PERMS.admin])
+  @ApiBearerAuth('IAM-auth')
+  @ApiOperation({
+    summary: 'Booking analytics for the dashboard charts',
+    description:
+      'Revenue trend, daily confirmed bookings, booking status distribution and payment-method split over the ' +
+      'last `days` days (default 30), bucketed by booking creation date.\n\n' +
+      'Revenue and the daily count cover CONFIRMED and BOARDED bookings; the status and payment-method ' +
+      'breakdowns cover every booking in range — the same asymmetry the /reports/overall page applies, kept so ' +
+      'the two agree.\n\n' +
+      'Revenue is returned per currency and unconverted; the caller applies its own exchange rates. These ' +
+      'figures answer "what was booked" and will not match the Revenue Breakdown card, which requires a ' +
+      'SUCCEEDED payment intent and answers "what was collected".',
+  })
+  getBookingAnalytics(@Query('days') days?: string) {
+    return this.service.getBookingAnalytics(days ? Number(days) : undefined);
+  }
+
   @Get(':passengerId')
   @UseGuards(JwtGuard)
   @ApiBearerAuth('JWT-auth')
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/dashboard/dashboard.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/dashboard/dashboard.service.ts
index f7e015e11..79891a023 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/dashboard/dashboard.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/dashboard/dashboard.service.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@ import { InjectDataSource } from '@nestjs/typeorm';
 import { DataSource } from 'typeorm';
 import { PrismaService } from '../../common/prisma.service';
 
+// ── Booking analytics (backoffice dashboard charts) ──────────────────────────
+const MS_PER_DAY_ANALYTICS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+const ANALYTICS_DEFAULT_DAYS = 30;
+const ANALYTICS_MAX_DAYS = 365;
+
 @Injectable()
 export class DashboardService {
   constructor(
@@ -63,6 +68,109 @@ export class DashboardService {
     };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Booking analytics for the backoffice dashboard charts — revenue trend, daily
+   * confirmed bookings, status distribution and payment-method split.
+   *
+   * Ported from the client-side computation on `/reports/overall`, which pulled up to
+   * 5000 bookings into the browser and grouped them there. The dashboard is the landing
+   * page and refetches on an interval, so the grouping happens here instead.
+   *
+   * Two asymmetries are inherited from that report on purpose, so the dashboard and the
+   * report show the same figures:
+   *   - Revenue and the daily count use CONFIRMED and BOARDED only; the status and
+   *     payment-method breakdowns use every booking in range.
+   *   - Everything buckets on `createdAt` — when the booking was made, not when the
+   *     train departs.
+   *
+   * Revenue here will NOT equal the dashboard's Revenue Breakdown card, which
+   * additionally requires a SUCCEEDED PaymentIntent and prefers the display amounts
+   * (see getBackofficeStats). Different question, deliberately not reconciled: this is
+   * "what was booked", that is "what was collected".
+   */
+  async getBookingAnalytics(daysRaw?: number) {
+    const days = Math.min(
+      Math.max(Math.trunc(daysRaw || ANALYTICS_DEFAULT_DAYS), 1),
+      ANALYTICS_MAX_DAYS,
+    );
+    const to = new Date();
+    const from = new Date(to.getTime() - days * MS_PER_DAY_ANALYTICS);
+
+    const bookings = await this.prisma.booking.findMany({
+      where: { createdAt: { gte: from, lte: to } },
+      select: {
+        createdAt: true,
+        status: true,
+        totalMinor: true,
+        currency: true,
+        paymentIntent: { select: { method: true } },
+      },
+    });
+
+    const isConfirmed = (status: string) => status === 'CONFIRMED' || status === 'BOARDED';
+
+    // Day buckets keyed on the UTC calendar date, so the axis and the bars derive from
+    // one value and cannot disagree.
+    const byDayMap = new Map<
+      string,
+      { date: string; bookings: number; revenueByCurrency: Map<string, number> }
+    >();
+    const statusCounts = new Map<string, number>();
+    const methodCounts = new Map<string, number>();
+
+    for (const booking of bookings) {
+      // Status and payment method count every booking in range.
+      const status = booking.status ?? 'UNKNOWN';
+      statusCounts.set(status, (statusCounts.get(status) ?? 0) + 1);
+
+      const method = booking.paymentIntent?.method ?? 'UNKNOWN';
+      methodCounts.set(method, (methodCounts.get(method) ?? 0) + 1);
+
+      // Revenue and the daily count are confirmed travel only.
+      if (!isConfirmed(booking.status)) continue;
+
+      const date = booking.createdAt.toISOString().slice(0, 10);
+      const bucket =
+        byDayMap.get(date) ?? { date, bookings: 0, revenueByCurrency: new Map<string, number>() };
+      bucket.bookings += 1;
+
+      const currency = booking.currency ?? 'ETB';
+      bucket.revenueByCurrency.set(
+        currency,
+        (bucket.revenueByCurrency.get(currency) ?? 0) + (booking.totalMinor ?? 0),
+      );
+      byDayMap.set(date, bucket);
+    }
+
+    const byDay = [...byDayMap.values()]
+      .sort((a, b) => a.date.localeCompare(b.date))
+      .map((bucket) => ({
+        date: bucket.date,
+        bookings: bucket.bookings,
+        revenueByCurrency: [...bucket.revenueByCurrency.entries()].map(
+          ([currency, totalMinor]) => ({ currency, totalMinor }),
+        ),
+      }));
+
+    const rank = <T extends { count: number }>(rows: T[]) =>
+      rows.sort((a, b) => b.count - a.count);
+
+    return {
+      window: { from, to, days },
+      totals: {
+        bookings: bookings.length,
+        confirmedBookings: bookings.filter((b) => isConfirmed(b.status)).length,
+      },
+      byDay,
+      statusDistribution: rank(
+        [...statusCounts.entries()].map(([status, count]) => ({ status, count })),
+      ),
+      paymentMethods: rank(
+        [...methodCounts.entries()].map(([method, count]) => ({ method, count })),
+      ),
+    };
+  }
+
   async getHomeDashboard(passengerId: string) {
     const now = new Date();
     const [passenger, upcomingBooking, wallet, promos, weatherAlerts, stationSignals, savedRoutes] = await Promise.all([
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage-audit.spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage-audit.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58bc5ffed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage-audit.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+import { ExcessBaggageService } from './excess-baggage.service';
+
+/**
+ * Excess baggage settles through two paths — the in-app one (`markPaid`, reached from
+ * `initiatePayment`/`confirmOtp`) and the payment webhook. The in-app path used to write no
+ * audit row at all, so whether a settlement was recorded depended on which route reached it
+ * first. Both now claim the transition conditionally, so it lands exactly once either way.
+ */
+describe('ExcessBaggageService — audit', () => {
+  const CHARGE_ID = 'ebc-1';
+  const BOOKING_ID = 'booking-1';
+
+  let prisma: Record<string, any>;
+  let audit: { log: jest.Mock };
+  let service: ExcessBaggageService;
+
+  const build = (charge: Record<string, any> = {}) => {
+    const row = {
+      id: CHARGE_ID,
+      bookingId: BOOKING_ID,
+      agentId: 'iam-agent-1',
+      excessWeightKg: 8,
+      feePerKgMinor: 5000,
+      totalMinor: 40000,
+      currency: 'ETB',
+      status: 'PENDING',
+      paymentToken: 'tok-live-secret',
+      contactPhone: '+251911223344',
+      contactEmail: 'passenger@example.com',
+      expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 30 * 60 * 1000),
+      booking: { bookingRef: 'EDR-0001', passengerId: 'p-1' },
+      ...charge,
+    };
+
+    prisma = {
+      excessBaggageCharge: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(row),
+        // Default: this caller wins the race and flips the row.
+        updateMany: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ count: 1 }),
+        update: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ...row, status: 'WAIVED' }),
+        delete: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(row),
+        create: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(row),
+      },
+      baggageAllowance: {
+        findFirst: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(null),
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(null),
+        create: jest.fn(),
+        update: jest.fn(),
+        deleteMany: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ count: 1 }),
+      },
+    };
+    audit = { log: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined) };
+
+    // Constructor order: prisma, audit, currency, paymentClient, notifications, sms, email.
+    service = new ExcessBaggageService(
+      prisma as any,
+      audit as any,
+      {} as any,
+      {} as any,
+      {} as any,
+      { sendSms: jest.fn() } as any,
+      { sendEmail: jest.fn() } as any,
+    );
+    return row;
+  };
+
+  const rows = () => audit.log.mock.calls.map((c) => c[0]);
+  const byAction = (action: string) => rows().filter((r) => r.action === action);
+
+  describe('markPaid', () => {
+    it('writes one PAY row when it actually flips the charge', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.markPaid(CHARGE_ID, 'TXN-77');
+
+      expect(byAction('PAY')).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(byAction('PAY')[0]).toMatchObject({
+        entityType: 'ExcessBaggageCharge',
+        entityId: CHARGE_ID,
+        oldData: { status: 'PENDING' },
+      });
+      expect(byAction('PAY')[0].newData).toMatchObject({
+        status: 'PAID',
+        bookingId: BOOKING_ID,
+        totalMinor: 40000,
+        providerTxnId: 'TXN-77',
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('writes nothing when the webhook already claimed the transition', async () => {
+      build();
+      // count: 0 means another caller flipped the row first and already logged it.
+      prisma.excessBaggageCharge.updateMany.mockResolvedValue({ count: 0 });
+      await service.markPaid(CHARGE_ID, 'TXN-77');
+
+      expect(byAction('PAY')).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+
+    it('is a no-op on a charge already read as PAID', async () => {
+      build({ status: 'PAID' });
+      await service.markPaid(CHARGE_ID);
+
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(prisma.excessBaggageCharge.updateMany).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('never puts the payment token on the row', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.markPaid(CHARGE_ID, 'TXN-77');
+      expect(JSON.stringify(rows())).not.toContain('tok-live-secret');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('waiveCharge', () => {
+    it('records WAIVE with the status it moved from', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.waiveCharge(CHARGE_ID, { waivedBy: 'Supervisor Bob', waivedReason: 'goodwill' });
+
+      expect(byAction('WAIVE')).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(byAction('WAIVE')[0]).toMatchObject({
+        entityType: 'ExcessBaggageCharge',
+        entityId: CHARGE_ID,
+        oldData: { status: 'PENDING' },
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('does not let the request body become the audit actor', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.waiveCharge(CHARGE_ID, { waivedBy: 'somebody-else', waivedReason: 'x' });
+
+      // `waivedBy` is descriptive context only; the actor comes from the session inside
+      // AuditService, so no call site sets `userId`.
+      const row = byAction('WAIVE')[0];
+      expect(row.userId).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(row.newData.waivedBy).toBe('somebody-else');
+    });
+
+    it('records nothing when the waiver is refused', async () => {
+      build({ status: 'PAID' });
+      await expect(
+        service.waiveCharge(CHARGE_ID, { waivedBy: 'Bob' }),
+      ).rejects.toThrow();
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('deleteCharge', () => {
+    it('records the hard delete of a money record', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.deleteCharge(CHARGE_ID);
+
+      expect(byAction('DELETE')).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(byAction('DELETE')[0].oldData).toMatchObject({
+        bookingId: BOOKING_ID,
+        totalMinor: 40000,
+        status: 'PENDING',
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('baggage allowances (Tariff Rates)', () => {
+    it('records a CREATE when no allowance existed', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.baggageAllowance.create.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: 'ba-1',
+        seatClassId: 'sc-1',
+        maxWeightKg: 20,
+        maxPiecesCount: 2,
+        excessFeePerKg: 5000,
+      });
+
+      await service.upsertAllowance({ seatClassId: 'sc-1', maxWeightKg: 20, excessFeePerKg: 5000 });
+
+      expect(byAction('CREATE')).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(byAction('CREATE')[0]).toMatchObject({ entityType: 'BaggageAllowance', entityId: 'ba-1' });
+    });
+
+    it('records an UPDATE with the previous fee when one already existed', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.baggageAllowance.findFirst.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: 'ba-1',
+        seatClassId: 'sc-1',
+        maxWeightKg: 20,
+        maxPiecesCount: 2,
+        excessFeePerKg: 5000,
+      });
+      prisma.baggageAllowance.update.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: 'ba-1',
+        seatClassId: 'sc-1',
+        maxWeightKg: 25,
+        maxPiecesCount: 2,
+        excessFeePerKg: 7500,
+      });
+
+      await service.upsertAllowance({ seatClassId: 'sc-1', maxWeightKg: 25, excessFeePerKg: 7500 });
+
+      const row = byAction('UPDATE')[0];
+      expect(row).toMatchObject({ entityType: 'BaggageAllowance', entityId: 'ba-1' });
+      expect(row.oldData).toMatchObject({ excessFeePerKg: 5000 });
+      expect(row.newData).toMatchObject({ excessFeePerKg: 7500 });
+    });
+
+    it('records the deletion of an allowance', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.baggageAllowance.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: 'ba-1',
+        seatClassId: 'sc-1',
+        maxWeightKg: 20,
+        maxPiecesCount: 2,
+        excessFeePerKg: 5000,
+      });
+
+      await service.deleteAllowance('ba-1');
+
+      expect(byAction('DELETE')).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(byAction('DELETE')[0].oldData).toMatchObject({ excessFeePerKg: 5000 });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('reads', () => {
+    it('writes nothing when listing allowances', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.baggageAllowance.findMany = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
+      prisma.seatClass = { findMany: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue([]) };
+
+      await service.getAllowances();
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage-currency.spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage-currency.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1dbbdc86a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage-currency.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+import { BadRequestException } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { PaymentMethodType } from '@prisma/client';
+import { ExcessBaggageService } from './excess-baggage.service';
+import { CurrencyService } from '../currency/currency.service';
+
+/**
+ * An excess baggage charge is always booked in ETB, but each payment method settles in its own
+ * currency and the payment microservice forwards whatever it is given straight to the gateway.
+ * These cover the ETB→settlement conversion that has to happen here — and that the quote shown to
+ * the payer is computed from the same code path as the amount actually charged.
+ */
+describe('ExcessBaggageService — charge currency', () => {
+  const CHARGE_ID = 'charge-1';
+  const TOKEN = 'tok-1';
+
+  // 350.00 ETB owed for 7kg at 50.00 ETB/kg.
+  const charge = {
+    id: CHARGE_ID,
+    totalMinor: 35_000,
+    currency: 'ETB',
+    status: 'PENDING',
+    expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 10 * 60 * 1000),
+    booking: { bookingRef: 'BAG-001', scheduleId: 'sched-1' },
+  };
+
+  let prisma: Record<string, any>;
+  let paymentClient: {
+    initiate: jest.Mock;
+    getIntentByReference: jest.Mock;
+    confirmOtp: jest.Mock;
+  };
+  let service: ExcessBaggageService;
+
+  const build = (rate?: { rate: number }) => {
+    prisma = {
+      excessBaggageCharge: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(charge),
+        update: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ...charge, status: 'PAID' }),
+        updateMany: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ count: 1 }),
+      },
+      paymentMethod: { findUnique: jest.fn() },
+      currencyExchangeRate: {
+        findFirst: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(rate ?? null),
+      },
+    };
+    paymentClient = {
+      initiate: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        status: 'REQUIRES_ACTION',
+        clientAction: { type: 'REDIRECT', url: 'https://gateway.test/pay' },
+        merchantOrderId: 'MO-1',
+      }),
+      getIntentByReference: jest.fn(),
+      confirmOtp: jest.fn(),
+    };
+    service = new ExcessBaggageService(
+      prisma as any,
+      { log: jest.fn() } as any, // auditService
+      new CurrencyService(prisma as any),
+      paymentClient as any,
+      {} as any, // notifications
+      {} as any, // smsClient
+      {} as any, // emailClient
+    );
+  };
+
+  const withMethod = (type: string, currency: string) =>
+    prisma.paymentMethod.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({ type, currency });
+
+  it('charges an Ethiopian wallet in ETB, unconverted', async () => {
+    build();
+    withMethod(PaymentMethodType.TELEBIRR, 'ETB');
+
+    const quote = await service.quoteAmount(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.TELEBIRR);
+
+    expect(quote).toMatchObject({ currency: 'ETB', amount: 350 });
+    expect(prisma.currencyExchangeRate.findFirst).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('converts to DJF for Waafi and rounds to whole francs', async () => {
+    build({ rate: 3.2 }); // 1 ETB = 3.2 DJF
+    withMethod(PaymentMethodType.WAAFI, 'DJF');
+
+    const quote = await service.quoteAmount(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.WAAFI);
+
+    // 350.00 ETB × 3.2 = 1120 DJF — DJF has no minor unit.
+    expect(quote).toMatchObject({ currency: 'DJF', amount: 1120 });
+    expect(Number.isInteger(quote.amount)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('sends the provider the converted amount and its own currency, not the stored ETB total', async () => {
+    build({ rate: 3.2 });
+    withMethod(PaymentMethodType.WAAFI, 'DJF');
+
+    await service.initiatePayment(TOKEN, {
+      method: PaymentMethodType.WAAFI,
+      platform: 'web',
+    } as any);
+
+    expect(paymentClient.initiate).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        referenceType: 'EXCESS_BAGGAGE',
+        referenceId: CHARGE_ID,
+        amountMinor: 1120,
+        currency: 'DJF',
+        provider: PaymentMethodType.WAAFI,
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('quotes and charges the same figure for the same method', async () => {
+    build({ rate: 0.0175 }); // 1 ETB = 0.0175 USD
+    withMethod(PaymentMethodType.CARD, 'USD');
+
+    const quote = await service.quoteAmount(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.CARD);
+    await service.initiatePayment(TOKEN, {
+      method: PaymentMethodType.CARD,
+      platform: 'web',
+    } as any);
+
+    const sent = paymentClient.initiate.mock.calls[0][0];
+    expect(quote.amount).toBe(sent.amountMinor);
+    expect(quote.currency).toBe(sent.currency);
+    expect(sent.amountMinor).toBe(6.13); // 350 × 0.0175 = 6.125 → 6.13 USD
+  });
+
+  it('forces ETB for CBE_BILL, which settles ETB only', async () => {
+    build({ rate: 3.2 });
+    withMethod(PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL, 'DJF'); // misconfigured row must not win
+
+    const quote = await service.quoteAmount(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL);
+
+    expect(quote).toMatchObject({ currency: 'ETB', amount: 350 });
+  });
+
+  it('refuses WALLET, which has no excess-baggage path', async () => {
+    build();
+
+    await expect(
+      service.quoteAmount(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.WALLET),
+    ).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(BadRequestException);
+    await expect(
+      service.initiatePayment(TOKEN, {
+        method: PaymentMethodType.WALLET,
+      } as any),
+    ).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(BadRequestException);
+    expect(paymentClient.initiate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('fails closed when no exchange rate is configured — never charges at parity', async () => {
+    build(); // no rate rows at all
+    withMethod(PaymentMethodType.WAAFI, 'DJF');
+
+    await expect(
+      service.initiatePayment(TOKEN, {
+        method: PaymentMethodType.WAAFI,
+      } as any),
+    ).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(BadRequestException);
+    expect(paymentClient.initiate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+});
+
+/**
+ * CAC Bank is an OTP debit: the bank SMSes a one-time password to a mobile number it must be given
+ * at initiate, and the payment only settles once that password is submitted back.
+ */
+describe('ExcessBaggageService — CAC Bank OTP debit', () => {
+  const CHARGE_ID = 'charge-1';
+  const TOKEN = 'tok-1';
+
+  const charge = {
+    id: CHARGE_ID,
+    totalMinor: 25_000,
+    currency: 'ETB',
+    status: 'PENDING',
+    expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 10 * 60 * 1000),
+    booking: { bookingRef: 'BAG-001', scheduleId: 'sched-1' },
+  };
+
+  let prisma: Record<string, any>;
+  let paymentClient: {
+    initiate: jest.Mock;
+    getIntentByReference: jest.Mock;
+    confirmOtp: jest.Mock;
+  };
+  let service: ExcessBaggageService;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    prisma = {
+      excessBaggageCharge: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(charge),
+        update: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ...charge, status: 'PAID' }),
+        updateMany: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ count: 1 }),
+      },
+      paymentMethod: {
+        findUnique: jest
+          .fn()
+          .mockResolvedValue({ type: 'CAC_BANK', currency: 'DJF' }),
+      },
+      currencyExchangeRate: {
+        findFirst: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ rate: 3.25 }),
+      },
+    };
+    paymentClient = {
+      initiate: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        intentId: 'intent-1',
+        status: 'REQUIRES_ACTION',
+        clientAction: {
+          type: 'COLLECT_OTP',
+          message: 'Enter the OTP sent to 77****56',
+        },
+        merchantOrderId: 'MO-1',
+      }),
+      getIntentByReference: jest
+        .fn()
+        .mockResolvedValue({ intentId: 'intent-1', status: 'REQUIRES_ACTION' }),
+      confirmOtp: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        intentId: 'intent-1',
+        status: 'SUCCEEDED',
+        providerTxnId: 'CAC-TXN-9',
+      }),
+    };
+    service = new ExcessBaggageService(
+      prisma as any,
+      { log: jest.fn() } as any,
+      new CurrencyService(prisma as any),
+      paymentClient as any,
+      {} as any,
+      {} as any,
+      {} as any,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('rejects initiate without a payer mobile — the bank has nowhere to send the OTP', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      service.initiatePayment(TOKEN, {
+        method: PaymentMethodType.CAC_BANK,
+        platform: 'web',
+      } as any),
+    ).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(BadRequestException);
+    expect(paymentClient.initiate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('forwards the payer mobile and returns the OTP client action', async () => {
+    const result = await service.initiatePayment(TOKEN, {
+      method: PaymentMethodType.CAC_BANK,
+      platform: 'web',
+      payerAccount: ' 77123456 ',
+    } as any);
+
+    expect(paymentClient.initiate).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        payerAccount: '77123456', // trimmed
+        currency: 'DJF',
+        amountMinor: 813, // 250.00 ETB × 3.25, whole francs
+      }),
+    );
+    expect(result.clientAction).toMatchObject({ type: 'COLLECT_OTP' });
+  });
+
+  it('submits the OTP against the charge’s active intent and marks it paid', async () => {
+    const result = await service.confirmOtp(TOKEN, '4530');
+
+    expect(paymentClient.getIntentByReference).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'EXCESS_BAGGAGE',
+      CHARGE_ID,
+    );
+    expect(paymentClient.confirmOtp).toHaveBeenCalledWith('intent-1', '4530');
+    expect(prisma.excessBaggageCharge.updateMany).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        where: expect.objectContaining({ id: CHARGE_ID }),
+        data: expect.objectContaining({ status: 'PAID' }),
+      }),
+    );
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ status: 'SUCCEEDED', alreadyPaid: false });
+  });
+
+  it('leaves the charge unpaid when the OTP does not settle', async () => {
+    paymentClient.confirmOtp.mockResolvedValue({
+      intentId: 'intent-1',
+      status: 'REQUIRES_ACTION',
+    });
+
+    const result = await service.confirmOtp(TOKEN, '0000');
+
+    expect(prisma.excessBaggageCharge.update).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(prisma.excessBaggageCharge.updateMany).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ status: 'REQUIRES_ACTION' });
+  });
+
+  it('confirms an OTP even after the link TTL lapsed — the debit is already in flight', async () => {
+    prisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+      ...charge,
+      expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() - 60_000),
+    });
+
+    await expect(service.confirmOtp(TOKEN, '4530')).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      status: 'SUCCEEDED',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('is idempotent once the charge is already paid', async () => {
+    prisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+      ...charge,
+      status: 'PAID',
+    });
+
+    const result = await service.confirmOtp(TOKEN, '4530');
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ alreadyPaid: true });
+    expect(paymentClient.confirmOtp).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+});
+
+/**
+ * CBE bill payment is inbound-only: no provider session is opened, a bill reference is minted and
+ * the payer settles it at a branch/app hours later. The expiry handed to the payment service is
+ * therefore the charge's own deadline, never the 30-minute link TTL — a short one would have the
+ * reconciliation sweep kill the intent within the hour (CBE plan §6.4).
+ */
+describe('ExcessBaggageService — CBE bill', () => {
+  const CHARGE_ID = 'charge-1';
+  const TOKEN = 'tok-1';
+  const THIRTY_MIN = 30 * 60 * 1000;
+
+  let prisma: Record<string, any>;
+  let paymentClient: { initiate: jest.Mock };
+  let service: ExcessBaggageService;
+  let charge: any;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    charge = {
+      id: CHARGE_ID,
+      bookingId: 'booking-1',
+      totalMinor: 25_000,
+      currency: 'ETB',
+      status: 'PENDING',
+      // A freshly created charge: the short browser-session TTL.
+      expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + THIRTY_MIN),
+      booking: { bookingRef: 'BAG-001' },
+    };
+    prisma = {
+      excessBaggageCharge: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(charge),
+        update: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(charge),
+        updateMany: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ count: 1 }),
+      },
+      booking: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+          seats: [{ leg: 1, passengerName: 'Abebe Kebede' }],
+          passenger: { user: { fullName: 'Account Holder' } },
+        }),
+      },
+      paymentMethod: {
+        findUnique: jest
+          .fn()
+          .mockResolvedValue({ type: 'CBE_BILL', currency: 'ETB' }),
+      },
+      currencyExchangeRate: { findFirst: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(null) },
+    };
+    paymentClient = {
+      initiate: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        intentId: 'intent-1',
+        status: 'REQUIRES_ACTION',
+        clientAction: {
+          type: 'SHOW_BILL_REFERENCE',
+          billReference: '900123456',
+        },
+        merchantOrderId: 'MO-1',
+      }),
+    };
+    service = new ExcessBaggageService(
+      prisma as any,
+      { log: jest.fn() } as any,
+      new CurrencyService(prisma as any),
+      paymentClient as any,
+      {} as any,
+      {} as any,
+      {} as any,
+    );
+  });
+
+  const initiate = () =>
+    service.initiatePayment(TOKEN, {
+      method: PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL,
+      platform: 'web',
+    } as any);
+
+  it('extends the charge deadline past the 30-minute link TTL', async () => {
+    await initiate();
+
+    expect(prisma.excessBaggageCharge.update).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        where: { id: CHARGE_ID },
+        data: expect.objectContaining({ expiresAt: expect.any(Date) }),
+      }),
+    );
+    const written =
+      prisma.excessBaggageCharge.update.mock.calls[0][0].data.expiresAt;
+    // Comfortably beyond the session TTL — a payer has to reach a branch.
+    expect(written.getTime()).toBeGreaterThan(Date.now() + 2 * THIRTY_MIN);
+  });
+
+  it('hands the payment service that deadline as the intent expiry, in ETB', async () => {
+    await initiate();
+
+    const sent = paymentClient.initiate.mock.calls[0][0];
+    expect(sent.currency).toBe('ETB');
+    expect(sent.amountMinor).toBe(250);
+    expect(new Date(sent.expiresAt).getTime()).toBeGreaterThan(
+      Date.now() + 2 * THIRTY_MIN,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('sends the lead passenger as Full_Name, which CBE requires', async () => {
+    await initiate();
+
+    expect(paymentClient.initiate.mock.calls[0][0].payerName).toBe(
+      'Abebe Kebede',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('never shortens a deadline the payer already has', async () => {
+    const farFuture = new Date(Date.now() + 90 * 60 * 60 * 1000);
+    charge.expiresAt = farFuture;
+
+    await initiate();
+
+    expect(prisma.excessBaggageCharge.update).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(paymentClient.initiate.mock.calls[0][0].expiresAt).toBe(
+      farFuture.toISOString(),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('returns the bill reference to the caller', async () => {
+    const result = await initiate();
+    expect(result.clientAction).toMatchObject({
+      type: 'SHOW_BILL_REFERENCE',
+      billReference: '900123456',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('reports a paid charge through getStatus without the payability gate', async () => {
+    prisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+      ...charge,
+      status: 'PAID',
+      paidAt: new Date(),
+    });
+
+    // getByToken would throw "already paid" here; the poll must simply report it.
+    await expect(service.getStatus(TOKEN)).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      status: 'PAID',
+      paid: true,
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.controller.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.controller.ts
index 40a44f36b..0255c8a2b 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.controller.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.controller.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import { Body, Controller, Delete, Get, Param, Patch, Post, Query, Request, UseGuards, SetMetadata } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { ApiTags, ApiOperation, ApiBearerAuth } from '@nestjs/swagger';
+import { ApiTags, ApiOperation, ApiBearerAuth, ApiQuery } from '@nestjs/swagger';
 import { IsInt, IsOptional, IsPositive, IsString } from 'class-validator';
 import { ExcessBaggageService } from './excess-baggage.service';
 import {
   LogExcessBaggageDto,
   WaiveChargeDto,
   InitiateExcessPaymentDto,
+  ConfirmExcessOtpDto,
 } from './excess-baggage.dto';
 import { JwtGuard as IamJwtGuard } from '@tria-plc/api-common/modules/auth/services/jwt.guard';
 import { PassengerAdmin } from '../../common/passenger-guards';
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ export class ExcessBaggageAgentController {
   @Post()
   @ApiOperation({ summary: 'Log excess baggage charge and optionally collect cash' })
   logCharge(@Request() req: any, @Body() dto: LogExcessBaggageDto) {
-    dto.agentId = req.user?.id ?? req.user?.sub ?? dto.agentId;
+    dto.agentId = req.user?.id ?? req.user?.sub ?? '';
     return this.service.logCharge(dto);
   }
 
@@ -118,6 +119,37 @@ export class ExcessBaggagePublicController {
     return this.service.getByToken(token);
   }
 
+  @Get('pay/:token/amount')
+  @ApiOperation({
+    summary: 'Quote the charge in a payment method’s settlement currency',
+    description:
+      'Returns what the given method would debit, converted from the charge’s stored ETB total ' +
+      'to that method’s settlement currency (WAAFI/DMONEY settle in DJF, CARD in USD, Ethiopian ' +
+      'wallets in ETB) at the latest exchange rate. The pay page quotes this before the payer ' +
+      'commits; initiating a payment recomputes it identically.',
+  })
+  @ApiQuery({
+    name: 'method',
+    required: true,
+    example: 'WAAFI',
+    description: 'Payment method type the payer has selected',
+  })
+  quoteAmount(@Param('token') token: string, @Query('method') method: string) {
+    return this.service.quoteAmount(token, method);
+  }
+
+  @Get('pay/:token/status')
+  @ApiOperation({
+    summary: 'Poll the charge’s settlement status (public)',
+    description:
+      'Reports the charge’s current status without the payability gate on GET /pay/:token, so a ' +
+      'page can watch for settlement. Used while a CBE bill is outstanding and after a redirect ' +
+      'payment returns — both settle server-side, out of band from the browser.',
+  })
+  getStatus(@Param('token') token: string) {
+    return this.service.getStatus(token);
+  }
+
   @Post('pay/:token/initiate')
   @ApiOperation({ summary: 'Passenger initiates payment for excess baggage charge' })
   initiatePayment(
@@ -126,4 +158,18 @@ export class ExcessBaggagePublicController {
   ) {
     return this.service.initiatePayment(token, dto);
   }
+
+  @Post('pay/:token/confirm')
+  @ApiOperation({
+    summary: 'Confirm an OTP-debit excess baggage payment (CAC Bank)',
+    description:
+      'Submits the one-time password the payer received by SMS. A wrong or expired OTP returns ' +
+      '400 and the payment stays open for retry.',
+  })
+  confirmOtp(
+    @Param('token') token: string,
+    @Body() dto: ConfirmExcessOtpDto,
+  ) {
+    return this.service.confirmOtp(token, dto.otp);
+  }
 }
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.dto.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.dto.ts
index df0abd8be..4b06e906e 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.dto.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.dto.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,34 @@ export class WaiveChargeDto {
 }
 
 export class InitiateExcessPaymentDto {
-  @ApiProperty({ enum: ['TELEBIRR', 'CBE_BIRR', 'EBIRR', 'WAAFI', 'DMONEY', 'CARD'] })
+  @ApiProperty({
+    enum: [
+      'TELEBIRR',
+      'CBE_BIRR',
+      'EBIRR',
+      'WAAFI',
+      'DMONEY',
+      'CARD',
+      'CAC_BANK',
+      'CBE_BILL',
+    ],
+  })
   @IsString() method: string;
   @ApiPropertyOptional({ enum: ['web', 'mobile'] }) @IsOptional() platform?: string;
+  @ApiPropertyOptional({
+    description:
+      'Payer account / mobile number. Required for the push-debit methods: CAC_BANK (the bank ' +
+      'SMSes a one-time password to this number) and EBIRR (the wallet pushes a USSD PIN prompt ' +
+      'to it). Normalised server-side by the payment service.',
+    example: '77123456',
+  })
+  @IsOptional() @IsString() payerAccount?: string;
+}
+
+export class ConfirmExcessOtpDto {
+  @ApiProperty({
+    description: 'One-time password the payer received by SMS (CAC Bank).',
+    example: '4530',
+  })
+  @IsString() otp: string;
 }
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.module.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.module.ts
index e734d4fb4..e9c648ca8 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.module.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.module.ts
@@ -6,11 +6,18 @@ import {
   ExcessBaggagePublicController,
 } from './excess-baggage.controller';
 import { PaymentsModule } from '../payments/payments.module';
+import { CurrencyModule } from '../currency/currency.module';
 import { NotificationsModule } from '../notifications/notifications.module';
 import { AuditModule } from '../../common/audit.module';
 
 @Module({
-  imports: [HttpModule, PaymentsModule, NotificationsModule, AuditModule],
+  imports: [
+    HttpModule,
+    PaymentsModule,
+    CurrencyModule,
+    NotificationsModule,
+    AuditModule,
+  ],
   controllers: [ExcessBaggageAgentController, ExcessBaggagePublicController],
   providers: [ExcessBaggageService],
   exports: [ExcessBaggageService],
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.service.ts
index 32fc06c13..7ccc0af06 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/excess-baggage/excess-baggage.service.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,16 @@ import {
 } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { PrismaService } from '../../common/prisma.service';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
+import { snapshot } from '../../common/audit-snapshot';
+
+const ALLOWANCE_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'seatClassId',
+  'maxWeightKg',
+  'maxPiecesCount',
+  'excessFeePerKg',
+] as const;
+import { CurrencyService } from '../currency/currency.service';
 import { PaymentClientService } from '../payments/payment-client.service';
 import { NotificationsService } from '../notifications/notifications.service';
 import { SmsClientService } from '../notifications/sms-client.service';
@@ -25,6 +35,41 @@ import { PaymentMethodType, PaymentIntentStatus } from '@prisma/client';
 
 const CHARGE_TTL_MS = 30 * 60 * 1000; // 30 minutes
 
+/**
+ * WALLET is an internal balance debit handled entirely inside this app (PaymentsService
+ * .initiateWalletPayment) — it is not a provider and the payment microservice rejects it as one.
+ * Excess baggage has no wallet path, so it is refused up front with a message a payer can act on
+ * rather than a 502 from the gateway layer.
+ */
+const UNSUPPORTED_METHODS = new Set<string>([PaymentMethodType.WALLET]);
+
+/**
+ * Push-debit methods charge an account we must be told up front — CAC Bank SMSes a one-time
+ * password to it, eBirr pushes a USSD PIN prompt to it. Neither opens a hosted page that could
+ * collect the number later, so initiate is rejected without it (mirrors PaymentsService).
+ */
+const METHODS_REQUIRING_PAYER_ACCOUNT = new Set<string>([
+  PaymentMethodType.CAC_BANK,
+  PaymentMethodType.EBIRR,
+]);
+
+/**
+ * How long an excess baggage charge stays payable once a CBE bill has been issued for it.
+ *
+ * The 30-minute link TTL is a browser-session window: it assumes the payer is sitting in front of
+ * the page. A CBE bill is the opposite — the payer walks to a branch, or opens CBE Birr later, and
+ * the bill reference may already be written on a slip of paper. Handing the payment service a
+ * 30-minute `expiresAt` would also make the reconciliation sweep expire the intent and emit
+ * payment.failed within the hour (CBE_IMPLEMENTATION_PLAN.md §6.4 calls this the single most
+ * important detail of the integration).
+ *
+ * So issuing a bill EXTENDS the charge's own deadline to this window. `charge.expiresAt` stays the
+ * single source of truth for both the pay link and the bill.
+ */
+const CBE_BILL_WINDOW_HOURS = Number(
+  process.env.EXCESS_BAGGAGE_CBE_BILL_HOURS ?? 24,
+);
+
 @Injectable()
 export class ExcessBaggageService {
   private readonly logger = new Logger(ExcessBaggageService.name);
@@ -32,6 +77,7 @@ export class ExcessBaggageService {
   constructor(
     private prisma: PrismaService,
     private auditService: AuditService,
+    private currencyService: CurrencyService,
     private paymentClient: PaymentClientService,
     private notifications: NotificationsService,
     private smsClient: SmsClientService,
@@ -94,7 +140,24 @@ export class ExcessBaggageService {
       await this.sendPaymentLink(charge, booking, contactPhone, contactEmail);
     }
 
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'ExcessBaggageCharge', entityId: charge.id, newData: { bookingId: booking.id, excessWeightKg: dto.excessWeightKg, totalMinor, status } });
+    // The charge row carries contactPhone/contactEmail for the payment link; those stay out of
+    // the audit payload, which needs only the money and who raised it.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.ExcessBaggageCharge,
+      entityId: charge.id,
+      newData: {
+        bookingId: booking.id,
+        bookingRef: booking.bookingRef,
+        excessWeightKg: dto.excessWeightKg,
+        feePerKgMinor,
+        totalMinor,
+        currency: charge.currency,
+        status,
+        agentId: charge.agentId || null,
+        collectCash: dto.collectCash ?? false,
+      },
+    });
     return charge;
   }
 
@@ -165,21 +228,103 @@ export class ExcessBaggageService {
     return charge;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * What the payer is actually charged when paying this charge with `method`.
+   *
+   * The charge itself is always booked in ETB (`ExcessBaggageCharge.currency` defaults to ETB and
+   * nothing overrides it), but the selected method settles in its own currency — WAAFI/DMONEY in
+   * DJF, CARD in USD, the Ethiopian wallets in ETB — recorded on the PaymentMethod row. The payment
+   * microservice is currency-agnostic and hands whatever it is given straight to the gateway
+   * verbatim, so the ETB→settlement conversion has to happen here or the provider is asked to debit
+   * an ETB number labelled as its own currency.
+   *
+   * Both the quote shown to the payer and the amount sent to the provider come through this one
+   * method, so the price on the button and the price debited cannot drift apart.
+   */
+  private async resolveChargeAmount(
+    charge: { totalMinor: number; currency: string },
+    method: string,
+  ): Promise<{ amount: number; currency: string }> {
+    if (UNSUPPORTED_METHODS.has(method)) {
+      throw new BadRequestException(
+        `${method} is not available for excess baggage payments`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    const paymentMethod = await this.prisma.paymentMethod.findUnique({
+      where: { type: method as PaymentMethodType },
+    });
+    // CBE settles ETB only (docs/cbe/CBE_IMPLEMENTATION_PLAN.md D8) — never converted. Every other
+    // method charges in its configured settlement currency, falling back to the charge's own.
+    const chargeCurrency =
+      method === PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL
+        ? 'ETB'
+        : (paymentMethod?.currency ?? charge.currency).toUpperCase();
+
+    // Applies the target currency's own precision — DJF rounds to whole francs, ETB/USD to cents.
+    const amount = await this.currencyService.convertMinorToChargeMajor(
+      charge.totalMinor,
+      charge.currency,
+      chargeCurrency,
+    );
+    return { amount, currency: chargeCurrency };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Price quote for the pay page: what `method` would debit, in that method's settlement currency.
+   * The payer sees this before committing, and `initiatePayment` recomputes it the same way.
+   */
+  async quoteAmount(token: string, method: string) {
+    const charge = await this.getByToken(token);
+    const { amount, currency } = await this.resolveChargeAmount(charge, method);
+    return { chargeId: charge.id, method, currency, amount };
+  }
+
   async initiatePayment(token: string, dto: InitiateExcessPaymentDto) {
     const charge = await this.getByToken(token);
 
+    if (
+      METHODS_REQUIRING_PAYER_ACCOUNT.has(dto.method) &&
+      !dto.payerAccount?.trim()
+    ) {
+      throw new BadRequestException(
+        `payerAccount (mobile number) is required for ${dto.method}`,
+      );
+    }
+
     const portalUrl = process.env.PORTAL_URL ?? 'http://localhost:5174';
     const returnUrl = `${portalUrl}/excess-baggage/pay/${token}/result`;
 
+    const { amount, currency } = await this.resolveChargeAmount(
+      charge,
+      dto.method,
+    );
+
+    // CBE_BILL is inbound-only: no provider session is opened, the bill simply sits in CBE's
+    // system until someone pays it. It therefore needs a real deadline and a payer name (Full_Name
+    // is mandatory in CBE's envelope) rather than the redirect flow's session semantics.
+    let payerName: string | undefined;
+    let expiresAt: string | undefined;
+    if (dto.method === PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL) {
+      const deadline = await this.extendForCbeBill(charge);
+      expiresAt = deadline.toISOString();
+      payerName = (await this.resolvePayerName(charge.bookingId)) ?? undefined;
+    }
+
     const snapshot = await this.paymentClient.initiate({
       service: PaymentServiceEnum.PASSENGER,
       referenceType: 'EXCESS_BAGGAGE' as PaymentReferenceType,
       referenceId: charge.id,
       orderRef: `EXB-${charge.id.substring(0, 8).toUpperCase()}`,
-      amountMinor: charge.totalMinor / 100,
-      currency: charge.currency,
+      // `amountMinor` is the contract's name but its value is MAJOR units — the provider layer
+      // charges it verbatim at the currency's own precision (see PaymentIntentSnapshot).
+      amountMinor: amount,
+      currency,
       provider: dto.method as unknown as ProviderMethod,
       platform: dto.platform as any,
+      payerAccount: dto.payerAccount?.trim() || undefined,
+      payerName,
+      expiresAt,
       returnUrl,
       failureUrl: returnUrl,
     });
@@ -196,14 +341,150 @@ export class ExcessBaggageService {
     };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Pushes the charge's deadline out to the CBE bill window and returns it. Only ever extends —
+   * a charge that already has longer left (a re-issued bill, an agent's resend) keeps it, so
+   * re-initiating a bill can never shorten a window the payer was already given.
+   */
+  private async extendForCbeBill(charge: {
+    id: string;
+    expiresAt: Date;
+  }): Promise<Date> {
+    const target = new Date(Date.now() + CBE_BILL_WINDOW_HOURS * 60 * 60 * 1000);
+    if (charge.expiresAt >= target) return charge.expiresAt;
+
+    await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.update({
+      where: { id: charge.id },
+      data: { expiresAt: target },
+    });
+    this.logger.log(
+      `charge ${charge.id}: expiry extended to ${target.toISOString()} for CBE bill`,
+    );
+    return target;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Full_Name for CBE's confirmation screen — mandatory in its envelope. The passenger the
+   * baggage belongs to: lead traveller on the booking, falling back to the account holder.
+   */
+  private async resolvePayerName(bookingId: string): Promise<string | null> {
+    const booking = await this.prisma.booking.findUnique({
+      where: { id: bookingId },
+      include: { seats: true, passenger: { include: { user: true } } },
+    });
+    if (!booking) return null;
+    return (
+      booking.seats?.find((s: any) => s.leg === 1)?.passengerName ??
+      booking.seats?.[0]?.passengerName ??
+      booking.passenger?.user?.fullName ??
+      null
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bare status for the pay/result pages to poll. Unlike getByToken this does NOT reject a paid,
+   * expired or waived charge — the whole point is to report those states. A CBE bill can settle
+   * long after the payer closed the tab, and the redirect methods only converge when the
+   * settlement event lands, so the page needs something it can watch.
+   */
+  async getStatus(token: string) {
+    const charge = await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique({
+      where: { paymentToken: token },
+      select: {
+        id: true,
+        status: true,
+        paidAt: true,
+        totalMinor: true,
+        currency: true,
+        expiresAt: true,
+      },
+    });
+    if (!charge) throw new NotFoundException('Payment link not found');
+    return {
+      chargeId: charge.id,
+      status: charge.status,
+      paid: charge.status === 'PAID' || charge.status === 'CASH_COLLECTED',
+      paidAt: charge.paidAt,
+      totalMinor: charge.totalMinor,
+      currency: charge.currency,
+      expiresAt: charge.expiresAt,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Submit the one-time password for a COLLECT_OTP provider (CAC Bank). The bank SMSed it to the
+   * payerAccount given at initiate; this forwards it to the payment service and marks the charge
+   * paid when the debit settles. A wrong or expired OTP bubbles up as a 400 and the intent stays
+   * open, so the payer can simply re-enter it.
+   *
+   * Deliberately reads the charge directly rather than through getByToken: the bank is already
+   * holding a debit against this payer, and refusing to submit their OTP because the 30-minute
+   * link TTL lapsed while they were reading the SMS would strand a payment that is mid-flight.
+   */
+  async confirmOtp(token: string, otp: string) {
+    const charge = await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique({
+      where: { paymentToken: token },
+    });
+    if (!charge) throw new NotFoundException('Payment link not found');
+    if (charge.status === 'PAID' || charge.status === 'CASH_COLLECTED') {
+      return { chargeId: charge.id, status: 'SUCCEEDED', alreadyPaid: true };
+    }
+
+    const snapshot = await this.paymentClient.getIntentByReference(
+      'EXCESS_BAGGAGE' as PaymentReferenceType,
+      charge.id,
+    );
+    if (!snapshot) {
+      throw new NotFoundException('No active payment to confirm for this charge');
+    }
+
+    const confirmed = await this.paymentClient.confirmOtp(
+      snapshot.intentId,
+      otp,
+    );
+    if (confirmed.status === ProviderPaymentStatus.SUCCEEDED) {
+      await this.markPaid(charge.id, confirmed.providerTxnId);
+    }
+
+    return {
+      chargeId: charge.id,
+      status: confirmed.status,
+      alreadyPaid: false,
+    };
+  }
+
   async markPaid(chargeId: string, providerTxnId?: string) {
     const charge = await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique({ where: { id: chargeId } });
     if (!charge) throw new NotFoundException('Charge not found');
     if (charge.status === 'PAID') return charge;
-    return this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.update({
-      where: { id: chargeId },
+
+    // Conditional claim: PaymentsService.handleExcessBaggageChargeEvent drives the same
+    // transition from the webhook. Whichever caller actually flips the row writes the audit
+    // event, so the settlement is recorded exactly once regardless of which path won.
+    const { count } = await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.updateMany({
+      where: { id: chargeId, status: { notIn: ['PAID', 'CASH_COLLECTED'] } },
       data: { status: 'PAID', paidAt: new Date() },
     });
+
+    const updated = await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique({ where: { id: chargeId } });
+
+    if (count === 1) {
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.PAY,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.ExcessBaggageCharge,
+        entityId: chargeId,
+        oldData: { status: charge.status },
+        newData: {
+          status: 'PAID',
+          bookingId: charge.bookingId,
+          totalMinor: charge.totalMinor,
+          currency: charge.currency,
+          providerTxnId: providerTxnId ?? null,
+        },
+      });
+    }
+
+    return updated!;
   }
 
   async waiveCharge(id: string, dto: WaiveChargeDto) {
@@ -216,7 +497,22 @@ export class ExcessBaggageService {
       where: { id },
       data: { status: 'WAIVED', waivedBy: dto.waivedBy, waivedReason: dto.waivedReason },
     });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'ExcessBaggageCharge', entityId: id, newData: { status: 'WAIVED', waivedBy: dto.waivedBy, waivedReason: dto.waivedReason } });
+    // `dto.waivedBy` is a client-supplied label kept for the business column; the audit actor
+    // is resolved from the session by AuditService, so the two cannot disagree about who acted.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.WAIVE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.ExcessBaggageCharge,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: { status: charge.status },
+      newData: {
+        status: 'WAIVED',
+        bookingId: charge.bookingId,
+        totalMinor: charge.totalMinor,
+        currency: charge.currency,
+        waivedBy: dto.waivedBy,
+        waivedReason: dto.waivedReason,
+      },
+    });
     return waived;
   }
 
@@ -235,6 +531,16 @@ export class ExcessBaggageService {
       data: { expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + CHARGE_TTL_MS) },
     });
     await this.sendPaymentLink(updatedCharge, charge.booking, charge.contactPhone, charge.contactEmail);
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.RESEND,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.ExcessBaggageCharge,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: { expiresAt: charge.expiresAt?.toISOString() },
+      newData: {
+        bookingRef: charge.booking.bookingRef,
+        expiresAt: updatedCharge.expiresAt?.toISOString(),
+      },
+    });
     return { sent: true };
   }
 
@@ -293,30 +599,79 @@ export class ExcessBaggageService {
   async upsertAllowance(dto: { seatClassId: string; maxWeightKg?: number; maxPiecesCount?: number; excessFeePerKg: number }) {
     const existing = await this.prisma.baggageAllowance.findFirst({ where: { seatClassId: dto.seatClassId } });
     if (existing) {
-      return this.prisma.baggageAllowance.update({
+      const updated = await this.prisma.baggageAllowance.update({
         where: { id: existing.id },
         data: { maxWeightKg: dto.maxWeightKg ?? 0, maxPiecesCount: dto.maxPiecesCount ?? 0, excessFeePerKg: dto.excessFeePerKg },
       });
+      // An upsert, so report the edit rather than always claiming a create — this is a tariff
+      // change and the previous fee is the whole point of the row.
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.BaggageAllowance,
+        entityId: existing.id,
+        oldData: snapshot(existing, ALLOWANCE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+        newData: snapshot(updated, ALLOWANCE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      });
+      return updated;
     }
-    return this.prisma.baggageAllowance.create({
+    const created = await this.prisma.baggageAllowance.create({
       data: { seatClassId: dto.seatClassId, maxWeightKg: dto.maxWeightKg ?? 0, maxPiecesCount: dto.maxPiecesCount ?? 0, excessFeePerKg: dto.excessFeePerKg },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.BaggageAllowance,
+      entityId: created.id,
+      newData: snapshot(created, ALLOWANCE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return created;
   }
 
   async updateAllowance(id: string, dto: Partial<{ maxWeightKg: number; maxPiecesCount: number; excessFeePerKg: number }>) {
-    return this.prisma.baggageAllowance.update({ where: { id }, data: dto });
+    const existing = await this.prisma.baggageAllowance.findUnique({ where: { id } });
+    if (!existing) throw new NotFoundException('Baggage allowance not found');
+    const updated = await this.prisma.baggageAllowance.update({ where: { id }, data: dto });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.BaggageAllowance,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(existing, ALLOWANCE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updated, ALLOWANCE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return updated;
   }
 
   async deleteAllowance(id: string) {
+    const existing = await this.prisma.baggageAllowance.findUnique({ where: { id } });
     await this.prisma.baggageAllowance.deleteMany({ where: { id } });
+    if (existing) {
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.BaggageAllowance,
+        entityId: id,
+        oldData: snapshot(existing, ALLOWANCE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      });
+    }
     return { deleted: true };
   }
 
   async deleteCharge(id: string) {
     const charge = await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique({ where: { id } });
     if (!charge) throw new NotFoundException('Charge not found');
-    
+
     await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.delete({ where: { id } });
+    // Hard delete of a money record — previously silent.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.ExcessBaggageCharge,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: {
+        bookingId: charge.bookingId,
+        excessWeightKg: charge.excessWeightKg,
+        totalMinor: charge.totalMinor,
+        currency: charge.currency,
+        status: charge.status,
+      },
+    });
     return { deleted: true };
   }
 }
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/fleet/fleet.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/fleet/fleet.service.ts
index a4c1d8ccf..103cbbc4b 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/fleet/fleet.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/fleet/fleet.service.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,37 @@ import { CreateTrainDto, CreateCoachDto, UpdateCoachDto, AssignCoachDto, ListCoa
 import { SeatKind } from '@prisma/client';
 import { DeleteOperationException } from '../../common/exceptions/delete-operation.exception';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
+import { snapshot } from '../../common/audit-snapshot';
+
+/** Fields carried into audit rows, per entity. Deliberately narrow — see audit-snapshot.ts. */
+const COACH_TYPE_AUDIT_FIELDS = ['code', 'name', 'type'] as const;
+const SEAT_CLASS_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'coachTypeId',
+  'name',
+  'description',
+  'baseFareMinor',
+  'premiumMinor',
+  'insuranceFeeMinor',
+  'isActive',
+] as const;
+const TRAIN_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'number',
+  'name',
+  'operatorId',
+  'operatorName',
+  'description',
+  'isActive',
+] as const;
+const COACH_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'number',
+  'coachTypeId',
+  'arrangement',
+  'capacity',
+  'status',
+  'sequence',
+] as const;
+const COACH_ASSIGNMENT_AUDIT_FIELDS = ['scheduleId', 'coachId', 'positionNumber', 'isOperational'] as const;
 
 // Parses '2+2' → [2, 2], '2+2+2' → [2, 2, 2]
 function parseArrangement(arrangement: string): number[] {
@@ -151,7 +182,7 @@ export class FleetService {
   constructor(private prisma: PrismaService, private auditService: AuditService) {}
 
   async createCoachType(dto: CreateCoachTypeDto) {
-    return this.prisma.coachType.create({
+    const coachType = await this.prisma.coachType.create({
       data: {
         code: dto.code,
         name: dto.name,
@@ -162,6 +193,13 @@ export class FleetService {
         coaches: true,
       },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.CoachType,
+      entityId: coachType.id,
+      newData: snapshot(coachType, COACH_TYPE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return coachType;
   }
 
   async getCoachTypes() {
@@ -183,7 +221,7 @@ export class FleetService {
     if (dto.name !== undefined) data.name = dto.name;
     if (dto.type !== undefined) data.type = dto.type;
     
-    return this.prisma.coachType.update({
+    const updated = await this.prisma.coachType.update({
       where: { id },
       data,
       include: {
@@ -191,6 +229,14 @@ export class FleetService {
         coaches: true,
       },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.CoachType,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(coachType, COACH_TYPE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updated, COACH_TYPE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return updated;
   }
 
   async deleteCoachType(id: string) {
@@ -224,11 +270,18 @@ export class FleetService {
       throw new DeleteOperationException('Coach Type', coachType.name, constraints);
     }
     
-    return this.prisma.coachType.delete({ where: { id } });
+    const deleted = await this.prisma.coachType.delete({ where: { id } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.CoachType,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(coachType, COACH_TYPE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return deleted;
   }
 
   async createClass(dto: CreateClassDto) {
-    return this.prisma.seatClass.create({
+    const seatClass = await this.prisma.seatClass.create({
       data: {
         coachTypeId: dto.coachTypeId,
         name: dto.name,
@@ -239,6 +292,13 @@ export class FleetService {
         ...(dto.isActive !== undefined && { isActive: dto.isActive }),
       },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SeatClass,
+      entityId: seatClass.id,
+      newData: snapshot(seatClass, SEAT_CLASS_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return seatClass;
   }
 
   async getClasses(coachTypeId?: string) {
@@ -267,11 +327,19 @@ export class FleetService {
       updateData.isActive = dto.isActive;
     }
     
-    return this.prisma.seatClass.update({
+    const updated = await this.prisma.seatClass.update({
       where: { id },
       data: updateData,
       include: { coachType: true },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SeatClass,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(seatClass, SEAT_CLASS_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updated, SEAT_CLASS_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return updated;
   }
 
   async deleteClass(id: string, cascade = false) {
@@ -308,7 +376,15 @@ export class FleetService {
       await this.prisma.segmentFareRule.deleteMany({ where: { seatClassId: id } });
     }
     
-    return this.prisma.seatClass.delete({ where: { id } });
+    const deleted = await this.prisma.seatClass.delete({ where: { id } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SeatClass,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(seatClass, SEAT_CLASS_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: { cascade },
+    });
+    return deleted;
   }
 
   createSeatClass(dto: CreateClassDto) {
@@ -345,7 +421,12 @@ export class FleetService {
         isActive: dto.isActive ?? true,
       },
     });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'Train', entityId: train.id, newData: { number: train.number, name: train.name } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Train,
+      entityId: train.id,
+      newData: snapshot(train, TRAIN_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return train;
   }
 
@@ -363,7 +444,13 @@ export class FleetService {
         ...(dto.isActive !== undefined && { isActive: dto.isActive }),
       },
     });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'Train', entityId: id, newData: { number: dto.number, name: dto.name } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Train,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(train, TRAIN_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updated, TRAIN_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return updated;
   }
 
@@ -442,14 +529,28 @@ export class FleetService {
     }
     
     const deleted = await this.prisma.train.delete({ where: { id } });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'Train', entityId: id, oldData: { number: train.number, name: train.name } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Train,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(train, TRAIN_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: { cascade },
+    });
     return deleted;
   }
 
   async restoreTrain(id: string) {
     const train = await this.prisma.train.findUnique({ where: { id } });
     if (!train) throw new NotFoundException('Train not found');
-    return this.prisma.train.update({ where: { id }, data: { isActive: true } });
+    const restored = await this.prisma.train.update({ where: { id }, data: { isActive: true } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.RESTORE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Train,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: { isActive: train.isActive },
+      newData: { isActive: true },
+    });
+    return restored;
   }
 
   async getCoach(id: string) {
@@ -526,7 +627,12 @@ export class FleetService {
       await this.prisma.seat.createMany({ data: seats });
     }
 
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'Coach', entityId: coach.id, newData: { number: coach.number, capacity: coach.capacity } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Coach,
+      entityId: coach.id,
+      newData: snapshot(coach, COACH_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return coach;
   }
 
@@ -545,7 +651,13 @@ export class FleetService {
       },
       include: { coachType: true },
     });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'Coach', entityId: id, newData: { number: dto.number, status: dto.status } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Coach,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(coach, COACH_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updated, COACH_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return updated;
   }
 
@@ -622,7 +734,13 @@ export class FleetService {
     await this.prisma.seat.deleteMany({ where: { coachId: id } });
     
     const deleted = await this.prisma.coach.delete({ where: { id } });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'Coach', entityId: id, oldData: { number: coach.number } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Coach,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(coach, COACH_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: { cascade },
+    });
     return deleted;
   }
 
@@ -634,13 +752,30 @@ export class FleetService {
     if (!schedule) throw new NotFoundException('Schedule not found');
     if (!coach) throw new NotFoundException('Coach not found');
     if (coach.status !== 'ACTIVE') throw new BadRequestException('Coach is not active');
-    return this.prisma.coachAssignment.create({ data: dto });
+    const assignment = await this.prisma.coachAssignment.create({ data: dto });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.ASSIGN,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.CoachAssignment,
+      entityId: assignment.id,
+      newData: {
+        ...snapshot(assignment, COACH_ASSIGNMENT_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+        coachNumber: coach.number,
+      },
+    });
+    return assignment;
   }
 
   async removeAssignment(id: string) {
     const assignment = await this.prisma.coachAssignment.findUnique({ where: { id } });
     if (!assignment) throw new NotFoundException('Assignment not found');
-    return this.prisma.coachAssignment.delete({ where: { id } });
+    const deleted = await this.prisma.coachAssignment.delete({ where: { id } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UNASSIGN,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.CoachAssignment,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(assignment, COACH_ASSIGNMENT_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return deleted;
   }
 
   async generateSeatMapPreview(dto: GenerateSeatMapDto) {
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/notifications/notifications.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/notifications/notifications.service.ts
index 9ef922bb3..3b7e7be2f 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/notifications/notifications.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/notifications/notifications.service.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { EmailClientService } from './email-client.service';
 import { SmsClientService } from './sms-client.service';
 import { CreateTemplateDto, UpdateTemplateDto } from './notifications.dto';
 import { resolveBookingSegment } from '../../common/utils/segment-resolver.utils';
+import { buildSeatSummary } from '../../common/utils/booking-sms.utils';
 
 export type NotificationChannelType = 'EMAIL' | 'SMS' | 'PUSH' | 'IN_APP';
 
@@ -305,7 +306,7 @@ export class NotificationsService {
       where: { id: bookingId },
       include: {
         schedule: { include: { originStation: true, destinationStation: true, train: true, stopTimes: { include: { station: true } } } },
-        seats: { include: { seat: { include: { coach: { include: { coachType: true } } } } } },
+        seats: { include: { seat: { include: { coach: { include: { coachType: true } } } } }, orderBy: { leg: 'asc' } },
       },
     });
 
@@ -367,30 +368,19 @@ export class NotificationsService {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Builds the interpolation context for the `booking.created` template. `trainSeatLines` is a
-   * pre-joined block of one "Train/Seat: …" line per booked seat (multi-passenger bookings get
-   * several lines).
+   * Builds the interpolation context for the `booking.created` template. `passengerName` and
+   * `trainSeatLines` both come from buildSeatSummary — a solo booking is greeted by name with
+   * bare "coach, seat no." lines, while a group is greeted as "Passengers" and each line names
+   * its own occupant (one SMS goes to Booking.contactPhone for the whole party).
    */
   private buildBookingCreatedContext(booking: any, ref: string): Record<string, unknown> {
     const s = booking?.schedule ?? {};
-    const trainName = s.train?.name ?? s.train?.number ?? '';
     const fmtDate = (d: any) =>
       d ? new Date(d).toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: '2-digit', year: 'numeric' }) : 'TBD';
     const fmtTime = (d: any) =>
       d ? new Date(d).toLocaleTimeString('en-US', { hour: '2-digit', minute: '2-digit', hour12: true }) : 'TBD';
 
-    const seats = booking?.seats ?? [];
-    const trainSeatLines = seats
-      .map((bs: any) => {
-        const coach = bs.seat?.coach?.number ?? '-';
-        const cls = bs.seat?.coach?.coachType?.name ?? '';
-        const seatNo = bs.seat?.seatNumber ?? '-';
-        return `Train/Seat: Train ${trainName}, ${coach} ${cls}, seat no. ${seatNo}`.replace(/ +/g, ' ').trim();
-      })
-      .join('\n');
-
-    // Lead passenger (leg-1 seat). Booking has no contactName; the traveller name lives on the seat.
-    const passengerName = seats[0]?.passengerName ?? 'Passenger';
+    const { passengerName, trainSeatLines } = buildSeatSummary(booking?.seats ?? [], booking?.bookingType);
     const payLink = `${process.env.PORTAL_URL ?? 'http://localhost:5174'}/booking/detail?ref=${ref}`;
     const segment = resolveBookingSegment(s, booking?.originStationId, booking?.destinationStationId);
 
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/internal-payments.controller.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/internal-payments.controller.ts
index df5949bde..1b82389fb 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/internal-payments.controller.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/internal-payments.controller.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   UseGuards,
 } from "@nestjs/common";
 import { ApiOperation, ApiTags } from "@nestjs/swagger";
+import { PaymentReferenceType } from "@edr/types";
 import { ServiceAuthGuard } from "../../common/guards/service-auth.guard";
 import {
   PaymentEventDto,
@@ -51,6 +52,17 @@ export class InternalPaymentsController {
   async billQuery(
     @Body() request: BillQueryRequestDto,
   ): Promise<BillQueryResponseDto> {
+    // Routed on referenceType: the passenger app issues CBE bills for bookings AND for excess
+    // baggage charges, and they live in different tables. Treating every referenceId as a
+    // bookingId would report a perfectly payable baggage bill as NOT_FOUND to the teller.
+    if (request.referenceType === PaymentReferenceType.EXCESS_BAGGAGE) {
+      return this.paymentsService.billQueryExcessBaggage(request.referenceId);
+    }
+    if (request.referenceType === PaymentReferenceType.SUPPLEMENTARY_CHARGE) {
+      return this.paymentsService.billQuerySupplementaryCharge(
+        request.referenceId,
+      );
+    }
     return this.paymentsService.billQuery(request.referenceId);
   }
 }
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.controller.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.controller.ts
index 9c1bfa65d..04ace216f 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.controller.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.controller.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   Patch,
   Post,
   Query,
+  Req,
   Res,
   SetMetadata,
   UseGuards,
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ import {
 } from "./payments.dto";
 import { PassengerStaff } from "../../common/passenger-guards";
 import { PASSENGER_PERMS } from "../../seed/passenger-permissions.registry";
+import { resolveActingUser } from "../../common/acting-user";
 import { resolveAllowedOrigin } from "../../common/utils/redirect-origin.util";
 import { SupplementaryChargesService } from "./supplementary-charges.service";
 import { IsString, IsInt, IsOptional, Min, IsEnum, IsIn } from "class-validator";
@@ -57,6 +59,18 @@ class WaiveSupplementaryChargeDto {
 class PaySupplementaryChargeDto {
   @ApiProperty({ enum: PaymentMethodTypeEnum, example: 'TELEBIRR' }) @IsEnum(PaymentMethodTypeEnum) method: PaymentMethodTypeEnum;
   @ApiPropertyOptional({ enum: ['web', 'mobile', 'inapp'], default: 'web' }) @IsOptional() @IsIn(['web', 'mobile', 'inapp']) platform?: PaymentPlatformDto;
+  @ApiPropertyOptional({
+    description:
+      'Payer account / mobile number. Required for the push-debit methods: CAC_BANK (the bank ' +
+      'SMSes a one-time password to it) and EBIRR (the wallet pushes a USSD PIN prompt to it).',
+    example: '77123456',
+  })
+  @IsOptional() @IsString() payerAccount?: string;
+}
+
+class ConfirmSupplementaryOtpDto {
+  @ApiProperty({ description: 'One-time password the payer received by SMS (CAC Bank).', example: '4530' })
+  @IsString() otp: string;
 }
 
 @ApiTags("Payment")
@@ -211,17 +225,14 @@ export class PaymentsController {
   }
 
   @Post(":bookingId/force-confirm")
-  @PassengerStaff([
-    PASSENGER_PERMS.payments.manage,
-    PASSENGER_PERMS.payments.manageMethods,
-    PASSENGER_PERMS.admin,
-  ])
+  @PassengerStaff([PASSENGER_PERMS.tickets.generate, PASSENGER_PERMS.admin])
   @ApiBearerAuth("IAM-auth")
   @ApiOperation({
-    summary: "Force-confirm payment & generate ticket (back-office only)",
+    summary: "Force-confirm payment & generate ticket (ticket-generate permission)",
     description:
       "Marks the payment as SUCCEEDED, confirms the booking, and generates the ticket. " +
-      "Use when a vendor payment completed but the webhook was never delivered. Idempotent.",
+      "Use when a vendor payment completed but the webhook was never delivered. Idempotent. " +
+      "Requires `edr_passenger_app:tickets:generate` (admins bypass).",
   })
   forceConfirm(
     @Param("bookingId") bookingId: string,
@@ -377,13 +388,13 @@ export class PaymentsController {
   @PassengerStaff([PASSENGER_PERMS.payments.manage, PASSENGER_PERMS.admin])
   @ApiBearerAuth('IAM-auth')
   @ApiOperation({ summary: 'Raise a supplementary charge for an underpayment (staff only)' })
-  createSupplementaryCharge(
-    @Body() dto: CreateSupplementaryChargeDto,
-    @Headers('x-iam-user-id') iamUserId?: string,
-  ) {
+  createSupplementaryCharge(@Body() dto: CreateSupplementaryChargeDto, @Req() req: any) {
+    // Actor comes from the guarded session, not the client-settable `x-iam-user-id` header it
+    // used to read (which defaulted to the literal string 'staff').
+    const actor = resolveActingUser(req);
     return this.supplementaryService.create({
       ...dto,
-      createdBy: iamUserId ?? 'staff',
+      createdBy: actor?.id ?? 'staff',
     });
   }
 
@@ -416,6 +427,52 @@ export class PaymentsController {
     return this.supplementaryService.getByToken(token);
   }
 
+  @Get('supplementary/by-token/:token/amount')
+  @SetMetadata('isPublic', true)
+  @ApiOperation({
+    summary: 'Quote a supplementary charge in a payment method’s settlement currency (public)',
+    description:
+      'Returns what the given method would debit, converted from the charge’s stored ETB amount ' +
+      'to that method’s settlement currency (WAAFI/DMONEY settle in DJF, CARD in USD, Ethiopian ' +
+      'wallets in ETB). The self-pay page quotes this before the payer commits; paying recomputes ' +
+      'it identically.',
+  })
+  @ApiQuery({ name: 'method', required: true, example: 'WAAFI' })
+  quoteSupplementaryAmount(
+    @Param('token') token: string,
+    @Query('method') method: string,
+  ) {
+    return this.supplementaryService.quoteAmount(token, method);
+  }
+
+  @Get('supplementary/by-token/:token/status')
+  @SetMetadata('isPublic', true)
+  @ApiOperation({
+    summary: 'Poll a supplementary charge’s settlement status (public)',
+    description:
+      'Reports the charge’s current status without the payability gate on the by-token lookup, ' +
+      'so a page can watch for settlement that happens out of band (a CBE bill paid at a branch, ' +
+      'or a redirect payment confirmed by webhook).',
+  })
+  getSupplementaryStatus(@Param('token') token: string) {
+    return this.supplementaryService.getStatus(token);
+  }
+
+  @Post('supplementary/by-token/:token/confirm')
+  @SetMetadata('isPublic', true)
+  @ApiOperation({
+    summary: 'Confirm an OTP-debit balance payment (CAC Bank, public — self-pay)',
+    description:
+      'Submits the one-time password the payer received by SMS. A wrong or expired OTP returns ' +
+      '400 and the payment stays open for retry.',
+  })
+  confirmSupplementaryOtp(
+    @Param('token') token: string,
+    @Body() dto: ConfirmSupplementaryOtpDto,
+  ) {
+    return this.supplementaryService.confirmOtp(token, dto.otp);
+  }
+
   @Post('supplementary/by-token/:token/pay')
   @SetMetadata('isPublic', true)
   @ApiOperation({ summary: 'Initiate payment for a supplementary charge (public — self-pay)' })
@@ -433,6 +490,7 @@ export class PaymentsController {
       dto.method,
       dto.platform,
       resolveAllowedOrigin(origin, referer, frontendBaseUrl),
+      dto.payerAccount,
     );
   }
 
@@ -454,9 +512,10 @@ export class PaymentsController {
   waiveSupplementaryCharge(
     @Param('id') id: string,
     @Body() dto: WaiveSupplementaryChargeDto,
-    @Headers('x-iam-user-id') iamUserId?: string,
+    @Req() req: any,
   ) {
-    return this.supplementaryService.waive(id, dto.notes ?? '', iamUserId ?? 'staff');
+    const actor = resolveActingUser(req);
+    return this.supplementaryService.waive(id, dto.notes ?? '', actor?.id ?? 'staff');
   }
 
   @Post('supplementary/:id/resend')
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.service.spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.service.spec.ts
index 9b94053b6..6c8f4b58d 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.service.spec.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.service.spec.ts
@@ -46,6 +46,18 @@ describe("PaymentsService", () => {
     paymentMethod: {
       findUnique: jest.fn(),
     },
+    excessBaggageCharge: {
+      findUnique: jest.fn(),
+      update: jest.fn(),
+      // The charge handlers claim the PAID transition with a conditional updateMany so the
+      // in-app path and this webhook cannot both write an audit row for one settlement.
+      updateMany: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ count: 1 }),
+    },
+    supplementaryCharge: {
+      findUnique: jest.fn(),
+      update: jest.fn(),
+      updateMany: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ count: 1 }),
+    },
     currencyExchangeRate: {
       findFirst: jest.fn(),
     },
@@ -562,4 +574,268 @@ describe("PaymentsService", () => {
       );
     });
   });
+
+  /**
+   * Excess baggage settles through the same outbox → RabbitMQ path as bookings. Before this
+   * existed the consumer dropped every EXCESS_BAGGAGE event as "foreign-reference", so a charge
+   * the payer had genuinely paid stayed PENDING until its TTL flipped it to EXPIRED.
+   */
+  describe("handlePaymentEvent — excess baggage", () => {
+    const CHARGE_ID = "charge-1";
+
+    const succeededEvent = (overrides: Record<string, any> = {}) =>
+      ({
+        eventId: "evt-1",
+        eventType: "payment.succeeded",
+        service: PaymentServiceEnum.PASSENGER,
+        referenceType: PaymentReferenceType.EXCESS_BAGGAGE,
+        referenceId: CHARGE_ID,
+        amountMinor: 500,
+        currency: "ETB",
+        providerTxnId: "TXN-9",
+        ...overrides,
+      }) as any;
+
+    it("marks a pending charge PAID", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: CHARGE_ID,
+        status: "PENDING",
+      });
+
+      const result = await service.handlePaymentEvent(succeededEvent());
+
+      expect(mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.updateMany).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          where: expect.objectContaining({ id: CHARGE_ID }),
+          data: expect.objectContaining({ status: "PAID" }),
+        }),
+      );
+      expect(result).toEqual({ processed: true });
+    });
+
+    it("marks an EXPIRED charge PAID — the TTL governs starting a payment, not receiving one", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: CHARGE_ID,
+        status: "EXPIRED",
+      });
+
+      await service.handlePaymentEvent(succeededEvent());
+
+      expect(mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.updateMany).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          data: expect.objectContaining({ status: "PAID" }),
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    it("does not re-pay an already PAID charge", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: CHARGE_ID,
+        status: "PAID",
+      });
+
+      const result = await service.handlePaymentEvent(succeededEvent());
+
+      expect(mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.updateMany).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(result).toEqual({ processed: true, alreadyFinalized: true });
+    });
+
+    it("accepts a foreign-currency settlement without a short-pay comparison", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: CHARGE_ID,
+        status: "PENDING",
+      });
+
+      // 500.00 ETB charge settled as 1625 DJF — numerically unlike the stored total.
+      await service.handlePaymentEvent(
+        succeededEvent({ amountMinor: 1625, currency: "DJF" }),
+      );
+
+      expect(mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.updateMany).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          data: expect.objectContaining({ status: "PAID" }),
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    it("acks a failure event without touching the charge", async () => {
+      const result = await service.handlePaymentEvent(
+        succeededEvent({ eventType: "payment.failed" }),
+      );
+
+      expect(mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.update).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(result).toEqual({ processed: true });
+    });
+
+    it("acks an event for a charge that no longer exists", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue(null);
+
+      const result = await service.handlePaymentEvent(succeededEvent());
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        processed: false,
+        reason: "charge-not-found",
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * The live hop CBE makes while a teller is on the line, for a baggage bill. This is the
+   * double-payment guard: anything other than stillPayable=true makes CBE refuse the debit.
+   */
+  describe("billQueryExcessBaggage", () => {
+    const payable = {
+      id: "charge-1",
+      excessWeightKg: 7,
+      totalMinor: 25_000,
+      status: "PENDING",
+      expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 60 * 60 * 1000),
+      booking: {
+        bookingRef: "BAG-001",
+        seats: [{ leg: 1, passengerName: "Abebe Kebede" }],
+        passenger: { user: { fullName: "Account Holder" } },
+      },
+    };
+
+    it("reports a pending charge as payable, in ETB, with the passenger name", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue(payable);
+
+      const result = await service.billQueryExcessBaggage("charge-1");
+
+      expect(result).toMatchObject({
+        stillPayable: true,
+        currency: "ETB",
+        currentAmountMinor: 250,
+        payerName: "Abebe Kebede",
+      });
+      expect(result.paymentReason).toContain("BAG-001");
+    });
+
+    it("refuses a charge already paid at the counter in cash", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        ...payable,
+        status: "CASH_COLLECTED",
+      });
+
+      await expect(
+        service.billQueryExcessBaggage("charge-1"),
+      ).resolves.toMatchObject({
+        stillPayable: false,
+        reason: "ALREADY_PAID",
+      });
+    });
+
+    it("refuses a waived charge", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        ...payable,
+        status: "WAIVED",
+      });
+
+      await expect(
+        service.billQueryExcessBaggage("charge-1"),
+      ).resolves.toMatchObject({ stillPayable: false, reason: "CANCELLED" });
+    });
+
+    it("refuses a charge whose deadline has passed", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        ...payable,
+        expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() - 1000),
+      });
+
+      await expect(
+        service.billQueryExcessBaggage("charge-1"),
+      ).resolves.toMatchObject({ stillPayable: false, reason: "EXPIRED" });
+    });
+
+    it("refuses within the settle margin, so a debit cannot land after expiry", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        ...payable,
+        expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 5_000), // inside the 60s margin
+      });
+
+      await expect(
+        service.billQueryExcessBaggage("charge-1"),
+      ).resolves.toMatchObject({ stillPayable: false, reason: "EXPIRED" });
+    });
+
+    it("reports NOT_FOUND for a bill whose charge is gone", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue(null);
+
+      await expect(
+        service.billQueryExcessBaggage("charge-1"),
+      ).resolves.toEqual({ stillPayable: false, reason: "NOT_FOUND" });
+    });
+  });
+  /**
+   * The live hop CBE makes while a teller is on the line, for a balance bill. Same
+   * double-payment guard as bookings and baggage: anything other than stillPayable=true makes
+   * CBE refuse the debit.
+   */
+  describe("billQuerySupplementaryCharge", () => {
+    const payable = {
+      id: "sc-1",
+      amountMinor: 100_000,
+      status: "PENDING",
+      expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 60 * 60 * 1000),
+      booking: {
+        bookingRef: "BAL-001",
+        seats: [{ leg: 1, passengerName: "Abebe Kebede" }],
+        passenger: { user: { fullName: "Account Holder" } },
+      },
+    };
+
+    it("reports a pending charge as payable, in ETB, with the passenger name", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue(payable);
+      const result = await service.billQuerySupplementaryCharge("sc-1");
+      expect(result).toMatchObject({
+        stillPayable: true,
+        currency: "ETB",
+        currentAmountMinor: 1000,
+        payerName: "Abebe Kebede",
+      });
+      expect(result.paymentReason).toContain("BAL-001");
+    });
+
+    it("refuses an already paid charge", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({ ...payable, status: "PAID" });
+      await expect(service.billQuerySupplementaryCharge("sc-1")).resolves.toMatchObject({
+        stillPayable: false,
+        reason: "ALREADY_PAID",
+      });
+    });
+
+    it("refuses a waived charge", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({ ...payable, status: "WAIVED" });
+      await expect(service.billQuerySupplementaryCharge("sc-1")).resolves.toMatchObject({
+        stillPayable: false,
+        reason: "CANCELLED",
+      });
+    });
+
+    it("refuses within the settle margin so a debit cannot land after expiry", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        ...payable,
+        expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 5_000),
+      });
+      await expect(service.billQuerySupplementaryCharge("sc-1")).resolves.toMatchObject({
+        stillPayable: false,
+        reason: "EXPIRED",
+      });
+    });
+
+    it("treats a null expiry as an open-ended debt, still payable", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({ ...payable, expiresAt: null });
+      await expect(service.billQuerySupplementaryCharge("sc-1")).resolves.toMatchObject({
+        stillPayable: true,
+      });
+    });
+
+    it("reports NOT_FOUND for a bill whose charge is gone", async () => {
+      mockPrisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue(null);
+      await expect(service.billQuerySupplementaryCharge("sc-1")).resolves.toEqual({
+        stillPayable: false,
+        reason: "NOT_FOUND",
+      });
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.service.ts
index 5cd483830..f0cedf3f5 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/payments.service.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,17 @@ import {
 } from "./payment-client.service";
 import { CurrencyService } from "../currency/currency.service";
 import { AuditService } from "../../common/audit.service";
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from "../../common/audit.actions";
+
+const PAYMENT_METHOD_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  "type",
+  "displayName",
+  "region",
+  "currency",
+  "providerId",
+  "enabled",
+  "sortOrder",
+] as const;
 import { rebaseUrlOrigin } from "../../common/utils/redirect-origin.util";
 import {
   PaymentService as PaymentServiceEnum,
@@ -92,6 +103,18 @@ export class PaymentsService {
     });
     if (!intent) throw new NotFoundException("Payment intent not found");
     await this.prisma.paymentIntent.delete({ where: { id } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Payment,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: {
+        bookingId: intent.bookingId,
+        status: intent.status,
+        amountMinor: intent.amountMinor,
+        currency: intent.currency,
+        method: intent.method,
+      },
+    });
     return { deleted: true, id };
   }
 
@@ -533,6 +556,139 @@ export class PaymentsService {
     return { ...base, stillPayable: true, reason: null };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Bill-query for an excess baggage charge — the same live "still payable?" hop as bookings,
+   * against `ExcessBaggageCharge` instead. This is the double-payment guard for baggage bills:
+   * once the charge is paid, waived or lapsed, CBE is told to refuse the debit.
+   *
+   * The charge's own `expiresAt` is the deadline (extended to the CBE bill window when the bill
+   * was issued), so there is no separate schedule-derived deadline to compute as there is for a
+   * booking.
+   */
+  async billQueryExcessBaggage(
+    chargeId: string,
+  ): Promise<BillQueryResponseDto> {
+    const charge = await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique({
+      where: { id: chargeId },
+      include: {
+        booking: {
+          include: { seats: true, passenger: { include: { user: true } } },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+    // A bill reference we issued whose charge has since been deleted — a data problem, not a
+    // customer-facing cancellation.
+    if (!charge) return { stillPayable: false, reason: "NOT_FOUND" };
+
+    const base = {
+      payerName:
+        charge.booking?.seats?.find((s) => s.leg === 1)?.passengerName ??
+        charge.booking?.seats?.[0]?.passengerName ??
+        charge.booking?.passenger?.user?.fullName ??
+        null,
+      // The charge is always booked in ETB and CBE settles ETB only, so no conversion applies.
+      currentAmountMinor: this.currencyService.displayMinorToChargeMajor(
+        charge.totalMinor,
+        "ETB",
+      ),
+      currency: "ETB",
+      // Rendered beside the amount on CBE's confirmation screen. The weight and booking ref are
+      // both on the agent's slip, so the payer can match the two before confirming.
+      paymentReason: `Excess baggage ${charge.excessWeightKg}kg — booking ${
+        charge.booking?.bookingRef ?? ""
+      }`.trim(),
+    };
+
+    // Paid first: a charge settled by any method (including cash at the counter) must be reported
+    // as already paid, never as merely "not payable".
+    if (charge.status === "PAID" || charge.status === "CASH_COLLECTED") {
+      return { ...base, stillPayable: false, reason: "ALREADY_PAID" };
+    }
+    // A supervisor wrote the charge off; from the payer's side the debt is gone.
+    if (charge.status === "WAIVED") {
+      return { ...base, stillPayable: false, reason: "CANCELLED" };
+    }
+    // Confirmed CBE debits land in seconds, but must not be accepted so close to the deadline
+    // that the sweep expires the intent before the capture is registered.
+    if (
+      charge.status === "EXPIRED" ||
+      charge.expiresAt.getTime() - PAYMENT_SETTLE_MARGIN_SECONDS * 1000 <
+        Date.now()
+    ) {
+      return { ...base, stillPayable: false, reason: "EXPIRED" };
+    }
+    if (charge.status !== "PENDING") {
+      return { ...base, stillPayable: false, reason: "NOT_PAYABLE" };
+    }
+    return { ...base, stillPayable: true, reason: null };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bill-query for a supplementary charge — the same live "still payable?" hop as bookings,
+   * against `SupplementaryCharge`. This is the double-payment guard for balance bills: once the
+   * charge is paid, waived or lapsed, CBE is told to refuse the debit.
+   *
+   * The charge's own 72-hour `expiresAt` is the deadline. It is nullable — a charge raised with
+   * no expiry is an open-ended debt and stays payable indefinitely, which is the intended reading
+   * of a null here rather than an immediate refusal.
+   */
+  async billQuerySupplementaryCharge(
+    chargeId: string,
+  ): Promise<BillQueryResponseDto> {
+    const charge = await this.prisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique({
+      where: { id: chargeId },
+      include: {
+        booking: {
+          include: { seats: true, passenger: { include: { user: true } } },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+    // A bill reference we issued whose charge has since been deleted — a data problem, not a
+    // customer-facing cancellation.
+    if (!charge) return { stillPayable: false, reason: "NOT_FOUND" };
+
+    const base = {
+      payerName:
+        charge.booking?.seats?.find((s) => s.leg === 1)?.passengerName ??
+        charge.booking?.seats?.[0]?.passengerName ??
+        charge.booking?.passenger?.user?.fullName ??
+        null,
+      // The charge is raised in ETB and CBE settles ETB only, so no conversion applies.
+      currentAmountMinor: this.currencyService.displayMinorToChargeMajor(
+        charge.amountMinor,
+        "ETB",
+      ),
+      currency: "ETB",
+      // Rendered beside the amount on CBE's confirmation screen. The booking ref is on the
+      // passenger's ticket, so they can match the two before confirming.
+      paymentReason: `Outstanding balance — booking ${
+        charge.booking?.bookingRef ?? ""
+      }`.trim(),
+    };
+
+    if (charge.status === "PAID") {
+      return { ...base, stillPayable: false, reason: "ALREADY_PAID" };
+    }
+    // Staff wrote the balance off; from the payer's side the debt is gone.
+    if (charge.status === "WAIVED") {
+      return { ...base, stillPayable: false, reason: "CANCELLED" };
+    }
+    // Confirmed CBE debits land in seconds, but must not be accepted so close to the deadline
+    // that the sweep expires the intent before the capture is registered.
+    if (
+      charge.status === "EXPIRED" ||
+      (charge.expiresAt &&
+        charge.expiresAt.getTime() - PAYMENT_SETTLE_MARGIN_SECONDS * 1000 <
+          Date.now())
+    ) {
+      return { ...base, stillPayable: false, reason: "EXPIRED" };
+    }
+    if (charge.status !== "PENDING") {
+      return { ...base, stillPayable: false, reason: "NOT_PAYABLE" };
+    }
+    return { ...base, stillPayable: true, reason: null };
+  }
+
   /**
    * The booking's payment deadline, resolved exactly like the auto-cancel job: the booking's
    * origin-segment time and that stop's own check-in window, falling back to the route default.
@@ -942,16 +1098,27 @@ export class PaymentsService {
         data: { status: "CANCELLED" },
       });
     }
+    // The intent is moved to CANCELLED, not "REFUNDED" — recording the latter made the audit
+    // row contradict the row it describes.
     await this.auditService.log({
-      action: "UPDATE",
-      entityType: "Payment",
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.REFUND,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Payment,
       entityId: intent.id,
-      newData: { status: "REFUNDED", bookingId: dto.bookingId },
+      oldData: { status: intent.status, bookingStatus: booking?.status },
+      newData: {
+        status: "CANCELLED",
+        bookingId: dto.bookingId,
+        bookingRef: booking?.bookingRef,
+        bookingStatus: booking ? "CANCELLED" : undefined,
+        amountMinor: intent.amountMinor,
+        currency: intent.currency,
+        reason: dto.reason,
+      },
     });
     return { refunded: true, bookingRef: booking?.bookingRef };
   }
 
-  addPaymentMethod(dto: AddPaymentMethodDto) {
+  async addPaymentMethod(dto: AddPaymentMethodDto) {
     const data = {
       type: dto.type as unknown as PaymentMethodType,
       displayName: dto.displayName,
@@ -961,11 +1128,37 @@ export class PaymentsService {
       enabled: dto.enabled ?? true,
       sortOrder: dto.sortOrder ?? 0,
     };
-    return this.prisma.paymentMethod.upsert({
+
+    // This is an upsert keyed on `type`, so "add" silently overwrites an existing method. The
+    // audit row reports which of the two actually happened rather than always claiming a create.
+    const existing = await this.prisma.paymentMethod.findUnique({
+      where: { type: data.type },
+    });
+
+    const method = await this.prisma.paymentMethod.upsert({
       where: { type: data.type },
       update: data,
       create: data,
     });
+
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: existing ? AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE : AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.PaymentMethod,
+      entityId: method.id,
+      oldData: existing ? this.paymentMethodSnapshot(existing) : undefined,
+      newData: this.paymentMethodSnapshot(method),
+    });
+
+    return method;
+  }
+
+  private paymentMethodSnapshot(method: Record<string, unknown>) {
+    return Object.fromEntries(
+      PAYMENT_METHOD_AUDIT_FIELDS.filter((k) => method[k] !== undefined).map((k) => [
+        k,
+        method[k],
+      ]),
+    );
   }
 
   async updatePaymentMethod(id: string, dto: Partial<AddPaymentMethodDto>) {
@@ -983,10 +1176,20 @@ export class PaymentsService {
     if (dto.enabled !== undefined) updateData.enabled = dto.enabled;
     if (dto.sortOrder !== undefined) updateData.sortOrder = dto.sortOrder;
 
-    return this.prisma.paymentMethod.update({
+    const updated = await this.prisma.paymentMethod.update({
       where: { id },
       data: updateData,
     });
+
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.PaymentMethod,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: this.paymentMethodSnapshot(existing),
+      newData: this.paymentMethodSnapshot(updated),
+    });
+
+    return updated;
   }
 
   getSupportedPaymentMethods(region?: PaymentRegionEnum) {
@@ -1379,20 +1582,112 @@ export class PaymentsService {
     }
     if (charge.status === "PAID")
       return { processed: true, alreadyFinalized: true };
-    await this.prisma.supplementaryCharge.update({
-      where: { id: charge.id },
+    // Conditional claim, not a plain update: SupplementaryChargesService.markPaid can be
+    // driving the same transition from the in-app path. Whichever caller flips the row writes
+    // the audit event; the loser writes nothing, so the trail holds exactly one PAID row.
+    const { count } = await this.prisma.supplementaryCharge.updateMany({
+      where: { id: charge.id, status: { not: "PAID" } },
       data: {
         status: "PAID",
         paidAt: new Date(),
         providerTxnId: event.providerTxnId ?? null,
       },
     });
-    await this.auditService.log({
-      action: "UPDATE",
-      entityType: "SupplementaryCharge",
-      entityId: charge.id,
-      newData: { status: "PAID", providerTxnId: event.providerTxnId },
+
+    if (count === 1) {
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.PAY,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SupplementaryCharge,
+        entityId: charge.id,
+        oldData: { status: charge.status },
+        newData: {
+          status: "PAID",
+          bookingId: charge.bookingId,
+          providerTxnId: event.providerTxnId,
+          settledAmount: event.amountMinor,
+          settledCurrency: event.currency,
+        },
+      });
+    }
+    return { processed: true, alreadyFinalized: count === 0 };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Settlement for an excess baggage charge paid through the passenger portal link.
+   *
+   * Deliberately has NO short-payment amount guard, unlike the booking path: the charge is stored
+   * in ETB while `event.amountMinor` arrives in the provider's settlement currency (DJF for
+   * Waafi/D-Money/CAC, USD for card), so comparing the two directly would reject every legitimate
+   * cross-currency payment. The amount actually charged was computed server-side at initiate.
+   *
+   * An EXPIRED charge is still marked PAID. The link TTL only governs whether a NEW payment may be
+   * started; once a provider has captured the money the charge is paid, and leaving it EXPIRED
+   * would hide a real settlement from the agent who has to reconcile it.
+   */
+  private async handleExcessBaggageChargeEvent(
+    event: PaymentEventDto,
+  ): Promise<MarkPaidResponseDto> {
+    if (event.eventType === "payment.failed") {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `excess baggage charge ${event.referenceId} payment failed`,
+      );
+      return { processed: true };
+    }
+
+    const charge = await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.findUnique({
+      where: { id: event.referenceId },
     });
+    if (!charge) {
+      // Ack — a missing charge will not appear on redelivery; needs investigation.
+      this.logger.error(
+        `mark-paid: no excess baggage charge for reference ${event.referenceId}`,
+      );
+      return { processed: false, reason: "charge-not-found" };
+    }
+    if (charge.status === "PAID" || charge.status === "CASH_COLLECTED") {
+      return { processed: true, alreadyFinalized: true };
+    }
+    // Money arrived against a charge nobody expected to be paid — record it as PAID (that is the
+    // truth) but say so loudly: a waived charge that settles anyway needs a refund decision.
+    if (charge.status !== "PENDING") {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `mark-paid: excess baggage charge ${charge.id} settled while ${charge.status} ` +
+          `(${event.amountMinor} ${event.currency}) — marking PAID; needs review`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Conditional claim for the same reason as the supplementary handler above:
+    // ExcessBaggageService.markPaid drives this transition from the in-app path.
+    const { count } = await this.prisma.excessBaggageCharge.updateMany({
+      where: { id: charge.id, status: { notIn: ["PAID", "CASH_COLLECTED"] } },
+      data: {
+        status: "PAID",
+        // The provider's own capture time, not when this event happened to be processed — a
+        // replayed or dead-lettered event must not backdate the money to the wrong minute.
+        paidAt: event.paidAt ? new Date(event.paidAt) : new Date(),
+      },
+    });
+
+    if (count === 0) {
+      return { processed: true, alreadyFinalized: true };
+    }
+
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.PAY,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.ExcessBaggageCharge,
+      entityId: charge.id,
+      oldData: { status: charge.status },
+      newData: {
+        status: "PAID",
+        bookingId: charge.bookingId,
+        providerTxnId: event.providerTxnId,
+        settledAmount: event.amountMinor,
+        settledCurrency: event.currency,
+      },
+    });
+    this.logger.log(
+      `excess baggage charge ${charge.id} marked PAID (${event.amountMinor} ${event.currency}, txn ${event.providerTxnId ?? "n/a"})`,
+    );
     return { processed: true };
   }
 
@@ -1410,6 +1705,10 @@ export class PaymentsService {
       return this.handleSupplementaryChargeEvent(event);
     }
 
+    if (event.referenceType === PaymentReferenceType.EXCESS_BAGGAGE) {
+      return this.handleExcessBaggageChargeEvent(event);
+    }
+
     if (event.referenceType !== PaymentReferenceType.BOOKING) {
       this.logger.warn(
         `mark-paid: ignoring unknown referenceType ${event.referenceType}`,
@@ -1565,6 +1864,9 @@ export class PaymentsService {
     let intent = await this.prisma.paymentIntent.findUnique({
       where: { bookingId },
     });
+    // Captured before the block below rewrites it, so the audit row can show what the override
+    // moved the payment away from.
+    const previousStatus = intent?.status ?? null;
     if (!intent) {
       intent = await this.prisma.paymentIntent.create({
         data: {
@@ -1603,17 +1905,23 @@ export class PaymentsService {
       providerTxnId: dto.paymentReference ?? intent.providerTxnId ?? undefined,
       force: true,
     }).then(async (result) => {
-      await this.auditService.log({
-        action: "UPDATE",
-        entityType: "Payment",
-        entityId: intent.id,
-        newData: {
-          status: "FORCE_CONFIRMED",
-          bookingId,
-          paymentMethod: dto.paymentMethod,
-          paymentReference: dto.paymentReference,
-        },
-      });
+      // finalizePaymentSuccess reports `alreadyFinalized` when the booking was already
+      // confirmed — logging a forced confirmation there would record an override that changed
+      // nothing.
+      if (!result?.alreadyFinalized) {
+        await this.auditService.log({
+          action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.STATUS_CHANGE,
+          entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Payment,
+          entityId: intent.id,
+          oldData: { status: previousStatus },
+          newData: {
+            status: "FORCE_CONFIRMED",
+            bookingId,
+            paymentMethod: dto.paymentMethod,
+            paymentReference: dto.paymentReference,
+          },
+        });
+      }
       return result;
     });
   }
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/supplementary-charges-audit.spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/supplementary-charges-audit.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28188f70f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/supplementary-charges-audit.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+import { SupplementaryChargesService } from './supplementary-charges.service';
+
+/**
+ * Supplementary charges are raised by staff against a confirmed booking, so "who raised this,
+ * against which booking, and who later waived it" has to survive in AuditLog.
+ *
+ * The actor used to come from an `x-iam-user-id` request header defaulting to the literal
+ * string 'staff' — a client-settable value in the column meant to identify a person.
+ */
+describe('SupplementaryChargesService — audit', () => {
+  const CHARGE_ID = 'sc-1';
+  const BOOKING_ID = 'booking-1';
+  const BOOKING_REF = 'EDR-0001';
+
+  let prisma: Record<string, any>;
+  let audit: { log: jest.Mock };
+  let service: SupplementaryChargesService;
+
+  const build = (charge: Record<string, any> = {}) => {
+    const row = {
+      id: CHARGE_ID,
+      bookingId: BOOKING_ID,
+      reason: 'UNDERPAYMENT',
+      amountMinor: 25000,
+      currency: 'ETB',
+      status: 'PENDING',
+      paymentToken: 'tok-live-secret',
+      notes: null,
+      createdBy: 'iam-staff-1',
+      expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 72 * 60 * 60 * 1000),
+      booking: { bookingRef: BOOKING_REF, contactPhone: '+251911223344', contactEmail: 'p@example.com' },
+      ...charge,
+    };
+
+    prisma = {
+      supplementaryCharge: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(row),
+        create: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(row),
+        update: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ...row, status: 'WAIVED' }),
+        updateMany: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ count: 1 }),
+      },
+      booking: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+          id: BOOKING_ID,
+          bookingRef: BOOKING_REF,
+          status: 'CONFIRMED',
+          contactPhone: '+251911223344',
+          contactEmail: 'p@example.com',
+          passenger: { user: { phone: null, email: null } },
+        }),
+      },
+    };
+    audit = { log: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined) };
+
+    // Constructor order: prisma, audit, sms, email, paymentClient, currency.
+    service = new SupplementaryChargesService(
+      prisma as any,
+      audit as any,
+      { sendSms: jest.fn() } as any,
+      { sendEmail: jest.fn() } as any,
+      {} as any,
+      {} as any,
+    );
+    return row;
+  };
+
+  const rows = () => audit.log.mock.calls.map((c) => c[0]);
+  const byAction = (action: string) => rows().filter((r) => r.action === action);
+
+  describe('create', () => {
+    it('records one CREATE naming the booking the charge belongs to', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.create({
+        bookingRef: BOOKING_REF,
+        amountMinor: 25000,
+        reason: 'UNDERPAYMENT',
+        createdBy: 'iam-staff-1',
+      });
+
+      expect(byAction('CREATE')).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(byAction('CREATE')[0]).toMatchObject({
+        entityType: 'SupplementaryCharge',
+        entityId: CHARGE_ID,
+      });
+      expect(byAction('CREATE')[0].newData).toMatchObject({
+        bookingId: BOOKING_ID,
+        bookingRef: BOOKING_REF,
+        amountMinor: 25000,
+        reason: 'UNDERPAYMENT',
+        createdBy: 'iam-staff-1',
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('never writes the payment token into the row', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.create({
+        bookingRef: BOOKING_REF,
+        amountMinor: 25000,
+        reason: 'UNDERPAYMENT',
+        createdBy: 'iam-staff-1',
+      });
+      expect(JSON.stringify(rows())).not.toContain('tok-live-secret');
+    });
+
+    it('records nothing when the booking is not chargeable', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.booking.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: BOOKING_ID,
+        bookingRef: BOOKING_REF,
+        status: 'PENDING_PAYMENT',
+      });
+
+      await expect(
+        service.create({
+          bookingRef: BOOKING_REF,
+          amountMinor: 25000,
+          reason: 'UNDERPAYMENT',
+          createdBy: 'iam-staff-1',
+        }),
+      ).rejects.toThrow();
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('waive', () => {
+    it('records WAIVE rather than a generic UPDATE', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.waive(CHARGE_ID, 'goodwill', 'iam-staff-1');
+
+      expect(byAction('WAIVE')).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(byAction('UPDATE')).toHaveLength(0);
+      expect(byAction('WAIVE')[0]).toMatchObject({
+        entityType: 'SupplementaryCharge',
+        entityId: CHARGE_ID,
+        oldData: { status: 'PENDING' },
+      });
+      expect(byAction('WAIVE')[0].newData).toMatchObject({ status: 'WAIVED', waivedBy: 'iam-staff-1' });
+    });
+
+    it('records nothing when waiving a paid charge is refused', async () => {
+      build({ status: 'PAID' });
+      await expect(service.waive(CHARGE_ID, 'x', 'iam-staff-1')).rejects.toThrow();
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('markPaid', () => {
+    it('records PAY once when it claims the transition', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.markPaid(CHARGE_ID, 'TXN-9');
+
+      expect(byAction('PAY')).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(byAction('PAY')[0]).toMatchObject({
+        entityType: 'SupplementaryCharge',
+        entityId: CHARGE_ID,
+        oldData: { status: 'PENDING' },
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('stays silent when the webhook already claimed it', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.supplementaryCharge.updateMany.mockResolvedValue({ count: 0 });
+      await service.markPaid(CHARGE_ID, 'TXN-9');
+
+      expect(byAction('PAY')).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+
+    it('is a no-op on a charge already read as PAID', async () => {
+      build({ status: 'PAID' });
+      await service.markPaid(CHARGE_ID);
+
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(prisma.supplementaryCharge.updateMany).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('actor', () => {
+    it('never sets userId at the call site — AuditService reads the session', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.waive(CHARGE_ID, 'goodwill', 'client-supplied');
+      expect(rows().every((r) => r.userId === undefined)).toBe(true);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('reads', () => {
+    it('writes nothing when listing charges', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.supplementaryCharge.findMany = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
+      prisma.supplementaryCharge.count = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(0);
+
+      await service.getAll({});
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/supplementary-charges.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/supplementary-charges.service.ts
index 079792366..714b02170 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/supplementary-charges.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/supplementary-charges.service.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,39 @@
 import { Injectable, NotFoundException, BadRequestException, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { PrismaService } from '../../common/prisma.service';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
 import { SmsClientService } from '../notifications/sms-client.service';
 import { EmailClientService } from '../notifications/email-client.service';
 import { PaymentClientService } from './payment-client.service';
-import { PaymentReferenceType, PaymentService as PaymentServiceEnum, ProviderMethod } from '@edr/types';
+import { CurrencyService } from '../currency/currency.service';
+import {
+  PaymentReferenceType,
+  PaymentService as PaymentServiceEnum,
+  ProviderMethod,
+  ProviderPaymentStatus,
+} from '@edr/types';
 import { PaymentPlatformDto } from './payments.dto';
+import { PaymentMethodType } from '@prisma/client';
 
 const CHARGE_TTL_MS = 72 * 60 * 60 * 1000; // 72 hours
 
+/**
+ * WALLET is an internal balance debit handled inside this app, not a provider — the payment
+ * microservice rejects it as one. Supplementary charges have no wallet path, so it is refused up
+ * front with a message the payer can act on rather than a 502 from the gateway layer.
+ */
+const UNSUPPORTED_METHODS = new Set<string>([PaymentMethodType.WALLET]);
+
+/**
+ * Push-debit methods charge an account we must be told up front — CAC Bank SMSes a one-time
+ * password to it, eBirr pushes a USSD PIN prompt to it. Neither opens a hosted page that could
+ * collect the number later (mirrors PaymentsService and ExcessBaggageService).
+ */
+const METHODS_REQUIRING_PAYER_ACCOUNT = new Set<string>([
+  PaymentMethodType.CAC_BANK,
+  PaymentMethodType.EBIRR,
+]);
+
 @Injectable()
 export class SupplementaryChargesService {
   private readonly logger = new Logger(SupplementaryChargesService.name);
@@ -19,6 +44,7 @@ export class SupplementaryChargesService {
     private smsClient: SmsClientService,
     private emailClient: EmailClientService,
     private paymentClient: PaymentClientService,
+    private currencyService: CurrencyService,
   ) {}
 
   async create(dto: {
@@ -55,10 +81,20 @@ export class SupplementaryChargesService {
     await this.sendLink(charge, booking.bookingRef, phone, email);
 
     await this.auditService.log({
-      action: 'CREATE',
-      entityType: 'SupplementaryCharge',
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SupplementaryCharge,
       entityId: charge.id,
-      newData: { bookingRef: dto.bookingRef, amountMinor: dto.amountMinor, reason: dto.reason },
+      newData: {
+        bookingId: booking.id,
+        bookingRef: dto.bookingRef,
+        amountMinor: dto.amountMinor,
+        currency: charge.currency,
+        reason: dto.reason,
+        notes: dto.notes,
+        createdBy: dto.createdBy,
+        status: charge.status,
+        expiresAt: charge.expiresAt?.toISOString(),
+      },
     });
     return charge;
   }
@@ -109,12 +145,174 @@ export class SupplementaryChargesService {
     const charge = await this.prisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique({ where: { id } });
     if (!charge) throw new NotFoundException('Charge not found');
     if (charge.status === 'PAID') return charge;
-    const updated = await this.prisma.supplementaryCharge.update({
-      where: { id },
+
+    // Conditional update rather than a plain update: this transition is also reachable from the
+    // payment webhook, and claiming it atomically means exactly one of the two racing callers
+    // writes the audit row.
+    const { count } = await this.prisma.supplementaryCharge.updateMany({
+      where: { id, status: { not: 'PAID' } },
       data: { status: 'PAID', paidAt: new Date(), providerTxnId: providerTxnId ?? null },
     });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'SupplementaryCharge', entityId: id, newData: { status: 'PAID' } });
-    return updated;
+
+    const updated = await this.prisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique({ where: { id } });
+
+    if (count === 1) {
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.PAY,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SupplementaryCharge,
+        entityId: id,
+        oldData: { status: charge.status },
+        newData: {
+          status: 'PAID',
+          bookingId: charge.bookingId,
+          amountMinor: charge.amountMinor,
+          currency: charge.currency,
+          providerTxnId: providerTxnId ?? null,
+        },
+      });
+    }
+
+    return updated!;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * What the payer is actually charged when settling this charge with `method`.
+   *
+   * The charge is raised in ETB, but the selected method settles in its own currency — WAAFI and
+   * D-Money in DJF, CARD in USD, the Ethiopian wallets in ETB — recorded on the PaymentMethod row.
+   * The payment microservice is currency-agnostic and hands whatever it is given straight to the
+   * gateway, so the ETB->settlement conversion has to happen here or the provider is asked to
+   * debit an ETB number labelled as its own currency.
+   *
+   * Both the quote shown to the payer and the amount sent to the provider come through this one
+   * method, so the price on the button and the price debited cannot drift apart.
+   */
+  private async resolveChargeAmount(
+    charge: { amountMinor: number; currency: string },
+    method: string,
+  ): Promise<{ amount: number; currency: string }> {
+    if (UNSUPPORTED_METHODS.has(method)) {
+      throw new BadRequestException(
+        `${method} is not available for balance payments`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    const paymentMethod = await this.prisma.paymentMethod.findUnique({
+      where: { type: method as PaymentMethodType },
+    });
+    // CBE settles ETB only (docs/cbe/CBE_IMPLEMENTATION_PLAN.md D8) — never converted.
+    const chargeCurrency =
+      method === PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL
+        ? 'ETB'
+        : (paymentMethod?.currency ?? charge.currency).toUpperCase();
+
+    // Applies the target currency's own precision — DJF rounds to whole francs, ETB/USD to cents.
+    const amount = await this.currencyService.convertMinorToChargeMajor(
+      charge.amountMinor,
+      charge.currency,
+      chargeCurrency,
+    );
+    return { amount, currency: chargeCurrency };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Price quote for the pay page: what `method` would debit, in that method's settlement
+   * currency. The payer sees this before committing, and pay() recomputes it the same way.
+   */
+  async quoteAmount(token: string, method: string) {
+    const charge = await this.getByToken(token);
+    const { amount, currency } = await this.resolveChargeAmount(charge, method);
+    return { chargeId: charge.id, method, currency, amount };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bare status for the pay/result pages to poll. Unlike getByToken this does NOT reject a paid,
+   * expired or waived charge — reporting those states is the entire point. A CBE bill can settle
+   * long after the payer closed the tab, and redirect methods only converge when the settlement
+   * event lands, so the page needs something it can watch.
+   */
+  async getStatus(token: string) {
+    const charge = await this.prisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique({
+      where: { paymentToken: token },
+      select: {
+        id: true,
+        status: true,
+        paidAt: true,
+        amountMinor: true,
+        currency: true,
+        expiresAt: true,
+      },
+    });
+    if (!charge) throw new NotFoundException('Payment link not found');
+    return {
+      chargeId: charge.id,
+      status: charge.status,
+      paid: charge.status === 'PAID',
+      paidAt: charge.paidAt,
+      amountMinor: charge.amountMinor,
+      currency: charge.currency,
+      expiresAt: charge.expiresAt,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Full_Name for CBE's confirmation screen — mandatory in its envelope. The traveller the balance
+   * is owed against: lead passenger on the booking, falling back to the account holder.
+   */
+  private async resolvePayerName(bookingId: string): Promise<string | null> {
+    const booking = await this.prisma.booking.findUnique({
+      where: { id: bookingId },
+      include: { seats: true, passenger: { include: { user: true } } },
+    });
+    if (!booking) return null;
+    return (
+      booking.seats?.find((s: any) => s.leg === 1)?.passengerName ??
+      booking.seats?.[0]?.passengerName ??
+      booking.passenger?.user?.fullName ??
+      null
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Submit the one-time password for a COLLECT_OTP provider (CAC Bank). The bank SMSed it to the
+   * payerAccount given at pay(); this forwards it to the payment service and marks the charge paid
+   * when the debit settles. A wrong or expired OTP bubbles up as a 400 and the intent stays open,
+   * so the payer can simply re-enter it.
+   *
+   * Deliberately reads the charge directly rather than through getByToken: the bank is already
+   * holding a debit against this payer, and refusing to submit their OTP because the link TTL
+   * lapsed while they read the SMS would strand a payment that is mid-flight.
+   */
+  async confirmOtp(token: string, otp: string) {
+    const charge = await this.prisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique({
+      where: { paymentToken: token },
+    });
+    if (!charge) throw new NotFoundException('Payment link not found');
+    if (charge.status === 'PAID') {
+      return { chargeId: charge.id, status: 'SUCCEEDED', alreadyPaid: true };
+    }
+
+    const snapshot = await this.paymentClient.getIntentByReference(
+      PaymentReferenceType.SUPPLEMENTARY_CHARGE,
+      charge.id,
+    );
+    if (!snapshot) {
+      throw new NotFoundException('No active payment to confirm for this charge');
+    }
+
+    const confirmed = await this.paymentClient.confirmOtp(
+      snapshot.intentId,
+      otp,
+    );
+    if (confirmed.status === ProviderPaymentStatus.SUCCEEDED) {
+      await this.markPaid(charge.id, confirmed.providerTxnId);
+    }
+
+    return {
+      chargeId: charge.id,
+      status: confirmed.status,
+      alreadyPaid: false,
+    };
   }
 
   async pay(
@@ -122,9 +320,16 @@ export class SupplementaryChargesService {
     method: string,
     platform?: PaymentPlatformDto,
     requestOrigin?: string | null,
+    payerAccount?: string,
   ) {
     const charge = await this.getByToken(token); // validates status/expiry
 
+    if (METHODS_REQUIRING_PAYER_ACCOUNT.has(method) && !payerAccount?.trim()) {
+      throw new BadRequestException(
+        `payerAccount (mobile number) is required for ${method}`,
+      );
+    }
+
     const paymentMethod = method as ProviderMethod;
     // Self-pay links are opened on whichever portal domain the recipient used
     // (bookingedr.et vs passenger.edrsc.com), so the return pages must live on
@@ -135,15 +340,38 @@ export class SupplementaryChargesService {
     const returnUrl = `${portalUrl}/pay-balance/${token}/success`;
     const failureUrl = `${portalUrl}/pay-balance/${token}/failed`;
 
+    const { amount, currency } = await this.resolveChargeAmount(charge, method);
+
+    // CBE_BILL is inbound-only: no provider session is opened, the bill simply sits in CBE's
+    // system until someone pays it. It needs a real deadline and a payer name (Full_Name is
+    // mandatory in CBE's envelope) rather than the redirect flow's session semantics.
+    //
+    // Unlike an excess baggage charge (30-minute link TTL), this charge already carries a 72-hour
+    // deadline of its own, which is a sane bill lifetime — so it is passed straight through with
+    // no extension. That deadline is what stops the reconciliation sweep from expiring the intent
+    // early (CBE_IMPLEMENTATION_PLAN.md §6.4). A charge with no expiry at all yields no intent
+    // expiry either, which is correct: an open-ended debt backs an open-ended bill.
+    let payerName: string | undefined;
+    let expiresAt: string | undefined;
+    if (method === PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL) {
+      expiresAt = charge.expiresAt?.toISOString();
+      payerName = (await this.resolvePayerName(charge.bookingId)) ?? undefined;
+    }
+
     const snapshot = await this.paymentClient.initiate({
       service: PaymentServiceEnum.PASSENGER,
       referenceType: PaymentReferenceType.SUPPLEMENTARY_CHARGE,
       referenceId: charge.id,
       orderRef: `SC-${charge.id.substring(0, 8)}`,
-      amountMinor: charge.amountMinor / 100,
-      currency: charge.currency,
+      // `amountMinor` is the contract's name but its value is MAJOR units — the provider layer
+      // charges it verbatim at the currency's own precision (see PaymentIntentSnapshot).
+      amountMinor: amount,
+      currency,
       provider: paymentMethod,
       platform,
+      payerAccount: payerAccount?.trim() || undefined,
+      payerName,
+      expiresAt,
       returnUrl,
       failureUrl,
     });
@@ -159,7 +387,20 @@ export class SupplementaryChargesService {
       where: { id },
       data: { status: 'WAIVED', notes },
     });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'SupplementaryCharge', entityId: id, newData: { status: 'WAIVED', waivedBy, notes } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.WAIVE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SupplementaryCharge,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: { status: charge.status },
+      newData: {
+        status: 'WAIVED',
+        bookingId: charge.bookingId,
+        amountMinor: charge.amountMinor,
+        currency: charge.currency,
+        waivedBy,
+        notes,
+      },
+    });
     return updated;
   }
 
@@ -175,6 +416,19 @@ export class SupplementaryChargesService {
       data: { expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + CHARGE_TTL_MS) },
     });
     await this.sendLink(updated, charge.booking.bookingRef, charge.booking.contactPhone, charge.booking.contactEmail);
+    // Re-exposes a live payment token and extends its deadline, so it is a state change worth
+    // attributing even though the charge's status is unchanged. Contact details stay out of the
+    // row — only the fact that a link was re-sent.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.RESEND,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SupplementaryCharge,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: { expiresAt: charge.expiresAt?.toISOString() },
+      newData: {
+        bookingRef: charge.booking.bookingRef,
+        expiresAt: updated.expiresAt?.toISOString(),
+      },
+    });
     return { sent: true };
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/supplementary-charges.spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/supplementary-charges.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..043ec919c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/payments/supplementary-charges.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+import { BadRequestException } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { PaymentMethodType } from '@prisma/client';
+import { SupplementaryChargesService } from './supplementary-charges.service';
+import { CurrencyService } from '../currency/currency.service';
+
+/**
+ * A supplementary charge is raised in ETB, but each payment method settles in its own currency and
+ * the payment microservice forwards whatever it is given straight to the gateway. These cover the
+ * ETB->settlement conversion, plus the two methods that could not complete at all before: CAC Bank
+ * (OTP debit) and CBE (inbound bill).
+ */
+describe('SupplementaryChargesService — payment methods', () => {
+  const CHARGE_ID = 'sc-1';
+  const TOKEN = 'tok-1';
+
+  let prisma: Record<string, any>;
+  let paymentClient: Record<string, jest.Mock>;
+  let service: SupplementaryChargesService;
+  let charge: any;
+
+  const build = (rate?: { rate: number }) => {
+    charge = {
+      id: CHARGE_ID,
+      bookingId: 'booking-1',
+      amountMinor: 100_000,
+      currency: 'ETB',
+      status: 'PENDING',
+      expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 72 * 60 * 60 * 1000),
+      booking: { bookingRef: 'BAL-001' },
+    };
+    prisma = {
+      supplementaryCharge: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(charge),
+        update: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ...charge, status: 'PAID' }),
+        // markPaid claims the PAID transition conditionally so it cannot double-log with the
+        // webhook path; count: 1 means this caller won.
+        updateMany: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ count: 1 }),
+      },
+      booking: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+          seats: [{ leg: 1, passengerName: 'Abebe Kebede' }],
+          passenger: { user: { fullName: 'Account Holder' } },
+        }),
+      },
+      paymentMethod: { findUnique: jest.fn() },
+      currencyExchangeRate: {
+        findFirst: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(rate ?? null),
+      },
+    };
+    paymentClient = {
+      initiate: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        intentId: 'intent-1',
+        status: 'REQUIRES_ACTION',
+        clientAction: { type: 'REDIRECT', url: 'https://gw.test/pay' },
+      }),
+      getIntentByReference: jest
+        .fn()
+        .mockResolvedValue({ intentId: 'intent-1', status: 'REQUIRES_ACTION' }),
+      confirmOtp: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        intentId: 'intent-1',
+        status: 'SUCCEEDED',
+        providerTxnId: 'CAC-77',
+      }),
+    };
+    service = new SupplementaryChargesService(
+      prisma as any,
+      { log: jest.fn() } as any,
+      {} as any,
+      {} as any,
+      paymentClient as any,
+      new CurrencyService(prisma as any),
+    );
+  };
+
+  const withMethod = (type: string, currency: string) =>
+    prisma.paymentMethod.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({ type, currency });
+
+  describe('currency', () => {
+    it('charges an Ethiopian wallet in ETB, unconverted', async () => {
+      build();
+      withMethod(PaymentMethodType.TELEBIRR, 'ETB');
+      const quote = await service.quoteAmount(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.TELEBIRR);
+      expect(quote).toMatchObject({ currency: 'ETB', amount: 1000 });
+      expect(prisma.currencyExchangeRate.findFirst).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('converts to DJF and rounds to whole francs', async () => {
+      build({ rate: 3.25 });
+      withMethod(PaymentMethodType.DMONEY, 'DJF');
+      const quote = await service.quoteAmount(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.DMONEY);
+      expect(quote).toMatchObject({ currency: 'DJF', amount: 3250 });
+      expect(Number.isInteger(quote.amount)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('sends the provider the converted amount, not the stored ETB total', async () => {
+      build({ rate: 0.018 });
+      withMethod(PaymentMethodType.CARD, 'USD');
+      await service.pay(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.CARD, 'web' as any, null);
+      expect(paymentClient.initiate).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          referenceType: 'SUPPLEMENTARY_CHARGE',
+          amountMinor: 18,
+          currency: 'USD',
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('quotes and charges the same figure', async () => {
+      build({ rate: 3.25 });
+      withMethod(PaymentMethodType.WAAFI, 'DJF');
+      const quote = await service.quoteAmount(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.WAAFI);
+      await service.pay(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.WAAFI, 'web' as any, null);
+      const sent = paymentClient.initiate.mock.calls[0][0];
+      expect(quote.amount).toBe(sent.amountMinor);
+      expect(quote.currency).toBe(sent.currency);
+    });
+
+    it('refuses WALLET, which has no supplementary-charge path', async () => {
+      build();
+      await expect(
+        service.quoteAmount(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.WALLET),
+      ).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(BadRequestException);
+      expect(paymentClient.initiate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('fails closed when no exchange rate is configured', async () => {
+      build();
+      withMethod(PaymentMethodType.WAAFI, 'DJF');
+      await expect(
+        service.pay(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.WAAFI, 'web' as any, null),
+      ).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(BadRequestException);
+      expect(paymentClient.initiate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('CAC Bank OTP debit', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      build({ rate: 3.25 });
+      withMethod(PaymentMethodType.CAC_BANK, 'DJF');
+    });
+
+    it('rejects pay() without a payer mobile', async () => {
+      await expect(
+        service.pay(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.CAC_BANK, 'web' as any, null),
+      ).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(BadRequestException);
+      expect(paymentClient.initiate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('forwards the trimmed payer mobile', async () => {
+      await service.pay(
+        TOKEN,
+        PaymentMethodType.CAC_BANK,
+        'web' as any,
+        null,
+        ' 77123456 ',
+      );
+      expect(paymentClient.initiate).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({ payerAccount: '77123456', currency: 'DJF' }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('submits the OTP against the active intent and marks the charge paid', async () => {
+      const result = await service.confirmOtp(TOKEN, '4530');
+      expect(paymentClient.getIntentByReference).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        'SUPPLEMENTARY_CHARGE',
+        CHARGE_ID,
+      );
+      expect(paymentClient.confirmOtp).toHaveBeenCalledWith('intent-1', '4530');
+      expect(prisma.supplementaryCharge.updateMany).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          data: expect.objectContaining({
+            status: 'PAID',
+            providerTxnId: 'CAC-77',
+          }),
+        }),
+      );
+      expect(result).toMatchObject({ status: 'SUCCEEDED', alreadyPaid: false });
+    });
+
+    it('leaves the charge unpaid when the OTP does not settle', async () => {
+      paymentClient.confirmOtp.mockResolvedValue({
+        intentId: 'intent-1',
+        status: 'REQUIRES_ACTION',
+      });
+      await service.confirmOtp(TOKEN, '0000');
+      expect(prisma.supplementaryCharge.update).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(prisma.supplementaryCharge.updateMany).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('is idempotent once already paid', async () => {
+      prisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        ...charge,
+        status: 'PAID',
+      });
+      await expect(service.confirmOtp(TOKEN, '4530')).resolves.toMatchObject({
+        alreadyPaid: true,
+      });
+      expect(paymentClient.confirmOtp).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('CBE bill', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      build({ rate: 3.25 });
+      withMethod(PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL, 'DJF'); // misconfigured row must not win
+    });
+
+    it('forces ETB regardless of the PaymentMethod row', async () => {
+      const quote = await service.quoteAmount(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL);
+      expect(quote).toMatchObject({ currency: 'ETB', amount: 1000 });
+    });
+
+    it('passes the charge own 72h deadline as the intent expiry', async () => {
+      await service.pay(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL, 'web' as any, null);
+      const sent = paymentClient.initiate.mock.calls[0][0];
+      expect(sent.currency).toBe('ETB');
+      expect(sent.expiresAt).toBe(charge.expiresAt.toISOString());
+      // Comfortably longer than a browser-session TTL, so the sweep cannot kill the bill early.
+      expect(new Date(sent.expiresAt).getTime()).toBeGreaterThan(
+        Date.now() + 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('sends the lead passenger as Full_Name, which CBE requires', async () => {
+      await service.pay(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL, 'web' as any, null);
+      expect(paymentClient.initiate.mock.calls[0][0].payerName).toBe(
+        'Abebe Kebede',
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('leaves the intent expiry unset for an open-ended charge', async () => {
+      charge.expiresAt = null;
+      await service.pay(TOKEN, PaymentMethodType.CBE_BILL, 'web' as any, null);
+      expect(paymentClient.initiate.mock.calls[0][0].expiresAt).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('reports a paid charge through getStatus without the payability gate', async () => {
+      prisma.supplementaryCharge.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        ...charge,
+        status: 'PAID',
+        paidAt: new Date(),
+      });
+      await expect(service.getStatus(TOKEN)).resolves.toMatchObject({
+        status: 'PAID',
+        paid: true,
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/reports/reports.controller.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/reports/reports.controller.ts
index 1eea923fd..55f19dae0 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/reports/reports.controller.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/reports/reports.controller.ts
@@ -37,6 +37,24 @@ export class ReportsController {
     return this.service.getPassengerList(scheduleId);
   }
 
+  // Two segments, so `@Get(":reportId")` below cannot shadow it whatever the order.
+  @Get("passengers/overview")
+  @ApiOperation({
+    summary: "Fleet-wide passenger mix across a departure window",
+    description:
+      "Landing view for the passengers report, shown before a schedule is picked. Returns passenger volume per " +
+      "departure day, nationality split, passenger-category mix and the busiest origin→destination pairs across " +
+      "the window, plus one row per schedule.\n\n" +
+      "The window is forward-looking — the next `days` days. If nothing is departing in that window, it falls " +
+      "back to the most recent `days` of departures on record and says so via `window.direction`.\n\n" +
+      "Counts CONFIRMED and BOARDED seats only, matching `GET /reports/passengers`. Carries no occupancy figure " +
+      "by design: this report and the seat status report measure capacity differently, so a shared occupancy " +
+      "number would contradict one of them.",
+  })
+  getPassengerOverview(@Query('days') days?: string) {
+    return this.service.getPassengerOverview(days ? Number(days) : undefined);
+  }
+
   @Get("passengers")
   @ApiOperation({ summary: "Passengers report for a specific schedule" })
   getOccupancyReport(@Query("scheduleId") scheduleId: string) {
@@ -60,6 +78,23 @@ export class ReportsController {
     return this.service.getSeatStatusReport(scheduleId);
   }
 
+  // Two segments, so `@Get(":reportId")` below cannot shadow it whatever the order.
+  @Get("seat-status/overview")
+  @ApiOperation({
+    summary: "Fleet-wide seat status across a departure window",
+    description:
+      "Landing view for the seat status report, shown before a schedule is picked. Returns the same four " +
+      "counters as the per-schedule report (paid, unpaid, expired holds, blocked) rolled up over a window of " +
+      "departures, plus per-day buckets and one row per schedule.\n\n" +
+      "The window is forward-looking — the next `days` days. If nothing is departing in that window, it falls " +
+      "back to the most recent `days` of departures on record and says so via `window.direction`.\n\n" +
+      "Counts apply the same rules as `GET /reports/seat-status`, so a schedule's row here equals what the " +
+      "drill-down shows after selecting it.",
+  })
+  getSeatStatusOverview(@Query('days') days?: string) {
+    return this.service.getSeatStatusOverview(days ? Number(days) : undefined);
+  }
+
   @Get("boarding")
   @ApiOperation({ summary: "Boarding report for a schedule — boarded vs not-boarded passengers" })
   getBoardingReport(@Query('scheduleId') scheduleId: string) {
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/reports/reports.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/reports/reports.service.ts
index e899fdb4b..89a01dd0d 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/reports/reports.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/reports/reports.service.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { Injectable, Logger } from "@nestjs/common";
 import { InjectDataSource } from "@nestjs/typeorm";
 import { DataSource } from "typeorm";
+import { BookingStatus } from "@prisma/client";
 import {
   BlockedSeatRevenueLossReport,
   UNCATEGORIZED_REASON_CATEGORY,
@@ -35,6 +36,48 @@ const FARE_QUOTE_CONCURRENCY = 4;
 /** CSV export is not paginated, but still needs an upper bound. */
 const CSV_EXPORT_MAX_SCHEDULES = 5000;
 
+// ── Fleet seat-status overview (landing view of the seat status report) ──────
+const MS_PER_DAY_OVERVIEW = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+const OVERVIEW_DEFAULT_DAYS = 7;
+const OVERVIEW_MAX_DAYS = 31;
+/** Upper bound on schedules charted at once. Signalled back as `window.truncated`. */
+const OVERVIEW_MAX_SCHEDULES = 60;
+/** The booking statuses that put a seat on a schedule — same set as the drill-down. */
+const OVERVIEW_ACTIVE_BOOKING_STATUSES: BookingStatus[] = [
+  'CONFIRMED',
+  'BOARDED',
+  'PENDING_PAYMENT',
+];
+
+/** The passengers report counts people, so a seat awaiting payment does not qualify. */
+const PASSENGER_ACTIVE_BOOKING_STATUSES: BookingStatus[] = ['CONFIRMED', 'BOARDED'];
+/** Route pairs are long-tailed; only the busiest are legible in a chart. */
+const TOP_ROUTES_LIMIT = 8;
+
+const EMPTY_OVERVIEW_TOTALS = {
+  scheduleCount: 0,
+  sellableSeats: 0,
+  paidCount: 0,
+  unpaidCount: 0,
+  expiredHoldCount: 0,
+  blockedCount: 0,
+  availableCount: 0,
+  loadFactorPercent: 0,
+};
+
+function emptyDayBucket(date: string) {
+  return {
+    date,
+    scheduleCount: 0,
+    sellableSeats: 0,
+    paid: 0,
+    unpaid: 0,
+    expiredHolds: 0,
+    blocked: 0,
+    available: 0,
+  };
+}
+
 const EMPTY_LOSS_INPUT: LossCalculatorInput = {
   schedules: [],
   seatsById: new Map(),
@@ -728,6 +771,603 @@ export class ReportsService {
     };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Fleet-wide seat status across a departure window — the landing view for the seat
+   * status report, shown before a schedule is picked.
+   *
+   * Deliberately a separate method from {@link getSeatStatusReport}: that one answers
+   * "this schedule, row by row" and its response shape is consumed by the drill-down UI.
+   * This one answers "the whole window, counts only". They share no code path, but they
+   * *do* share predicates — every filter below is the same rule the drill-down applies
+   * (the three-branch seat `OR`, the dining-coach exclusion, the counted-block
+   * resolution), so a schedule's row here always equals what you see after clicking it.
+   * Change one and the other must change with it.
+   */
+  async getSeatStatusOverview(daysRaw?: number) {
+    const days = Math.min(
+      Math.max(Math.trunc(daysRaw || OVERVIEW_DEFAULT_DAYS), 1),
+      OVERVIEW_MAX_DAYS,
+    );
+    const now = new Date();
+
+    // Forward-looking by default. But a database whose schedules are all in the past
+    // would render an empty chart, which reads as a broken page rather than an honest
+    // "nothing departing" — so fall back to the most recent window that has departures.
+    let from = now;
+    let to = new Date(now.getTime() + days * MS_PER_DAY_OVERVIEW);
+    let direction: 'UPCOMING' | 'RECENT' = 'UPCOMING';
+
+    const upcomingCount = await this.prisma.trainSchedule.count({
+      where: { departureAt: { gte: from, lte: to }, status: { not: 'CANCELLED' } },
+    });
+
+    if (upcomingCount === 0) {
+      const latest = await this.prisma.trainSchedule.findFirst({
+        where: { departureAt: { lt: now }, status: { not: 'CANCELLED' } },
+        orderBy: { departureAt: 'desc' },
+        select: { departureAt: true },
+      });
+      if (latest) {
+        direction = 'RECENT';
+        to = latest.departureAt;
+        from = new Date(to.getTime() - days * MS_PER_DAY_OVERVIEW);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const schedules = await this.prisma.trainSchedule.findMany({
+      where: { departureAt: { gte: from, lte: to }, status: { not: 'CANCELLED' } },
+      select: {
+        id: true,
+        departureAt: true,
+        isPackageOnly: true,
+        train: { select: { number: true } },
+        originStation: { select: { name: true } },
+        destinationStation: { select: { name: true } },
+      },
+      orderBy: { departureAt: 'asc' },
+      take: OVERVIEW_MAX_SCHEDULES,
+    });
+
+    if (schedules.length === 0) {
+      return {
+        window: { from, to, days, direction, truncated: false },
+        totals: EMPTY_OVERVIEW_TOTALS,
+        byDay: [],
+        schedules: [],
+      };
+    }
+
+    const scheduleIds = schedules.map((s) => s.id);
+    const since24h = new Date(now.getTime() - MS_PER_DAY_OVERVIEW);
+
+    const [assignments, bookingSeats, holds, blockRows] = await Promise.all([
+      this.prisma.coachAssignment.findMany({
+        where: { scheduleId: { in: scheduleIds } },
+        select: {
+          scheduleId: true,
+          coachId: true,
+          coach: {
+            select: {
+              coachType: { select: { name: true, type: true } },
+              seats: { select: { seatNumber: true } },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+      // Same three-branch OR as the drill-down (`getSeatStatusReport`): a seat reaches a
+      // schedule by its own `scheduleId`, by being leg 2 of a return booking, or — on
+      // older rows with no `scheduleId` — by its booking's outbound schedule. A plain
+      // `groupBy scheduleId` would silently drop the last two.
+      this.prisma.bookingSeat.findMany({
+        where: {
+          OR: [
+            {
+              scheduleId: { in: scheduleIds },
+              booking: { status: { in: OVERVIEW_ACTIVE_BOOKING_STATUSES } },
+            },
+            {
+              leg: 2,
+              booking: {
+                returnScheduleId: { in: scheduleIds },
+                status: { in: OVERVIEW_ACTIVE_BOOKING_STATUSES },
+              },
+            },
+            {
+              scheduleId: null,
+              leg: 1,
+              booking: {
+                scheduleId: { in: scheduleIds },
+                status: { in: OVERVIEW_ACTIVE_BOOKING_STATUSES },
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        select: {
+          scheduleId: true,
+          leg: true,
+          booking: {
+            select: { status: true, scheduleId: true, returnScheduleId: true },
+          },
+          seat: {
+            select: {
+              coach: { select: { coachType: { select: { name: true, type: true } } } },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+      this.prisma.seatHold.findMany({
+        where: {
+          scheduleId: { in: scheduleIds },
+          expiresAt: { lt: now, gte: since24h },
+        },
+        select: { scheduleId: true },
+      }),
+      this.prisma.seatBlock.findMany({
+        where: {
+          OR: [{ scheduleId: { in: scheduleIds } }, { scheduleId: null }],
+          NOT: [
+            { reason: { startsWith: 'MAINTENANCE:' } },
+            { reason: { startsWith: TICKETING_BLOCK_REASON_PREFIX } },
+          ],
+        },
+        select: {
+          scheduleId: true,
+          blockedAt: true,
+          unblockAt: true,
+          seat: {
+            select: {
+              id: true,
+              coachId: true,
+              seatNumber: true,
+              coach: { select: { coachType: { select: { name: true, type: true } } } },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+        orderBy: { blockedAt: 'desc' },
+      }),
+    ]);
+
+    // ── Sellable seats and assigned coaches, per schedule ───────────────────────
+    // Sellable = every seat on every assigned coach, minus dining coaches and
+    // placeholder rows — the same denominator the revenue-loss report uses.
+    const sellableBySchedule = new Map<string, number>();
+    const coachIdsBySchedule = new Map<string, Set<string>>();
+    for (const assignment of assignments) {
+      const coachIds =
+        coachIdsBySchedule.get(assignment.scheduleId) ?? new Set<string>();
+      coachIds.add(assignment.coachId);
+      coachIdsBySchedule.set(assignment.scheduleId, coachIds);
+
+      const coachType = assignment.coach?.coachType;
+      if (
+        isDiningCoach({
+          coachTypeType: coachType?.type ?? null,
+          coachTypeName: coachType?.name ?? null,
+        })
+      ) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      const sellable = (assignment.coach?.seats ?? []).filter(
+        (seat) => !isPlaceholderSeat(seat),
+      ).length;
+      sellableBySchedule.set(
+        assignment.scheduleId,
+        (sellableBySchedule.get(assignment.scheduleId) ?? 0) + sellable,
+      );
+    }
+
+    // ── Paid / unpaid, per schedule ────────────────────────────────────────────
+    const scheduleIdSet = new Set(scheduleIds);
+    const paidBySchedule = new Map<string, number>();
+    const unpaidBySchedule = new Map<string, number>();
+    for (const bs of bookingSeats) {
+      // Dining seats only — the drill-down does not drop placeholder rows from the
+      // passenger seat list, so neither does this.
+      const coachType = bs.seat?.coach?.coachType;
+      if (
+        isDiningCoach({
+          coachTypeType: coachType?.type ?? null,
+          coachTypeName: coachType?.name ?? null,
+        })
+      ) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // Mirrors the OR branches, in the same order: an explicit `scheduleId` inside the
+      // window wins, then the return leg, then the booking's outbound schedule.
+      const scheduleId =
+        bs.scheduleId && scheduleIdSet.has(bs.scheduleId)
+          ? bs.scheduleId
+          : bs.leg === 2
+            ? bs.booking.returnScheduleId
+            : bs.booking.scheduleId;
+      if (!scheduleId || !scheduleIdSet.has(scheduleId)) continue;
+
+      const target =
+        bs.booking.status === 'PENDING_PAYMENT' ? unpaidBySchedule : paidBySchedule;
+      target.set(scheduleId, (target.get(scheduleId) ?? 0) + 1);
+    }
+
+    // ── Expired holds, per schedule ────────────────────────────────────────────
+    const holdsBySchedule = new Map<string, number>();
+    for (const hold of holds) {
+      holdsBySchedule.set(
+        hold.scheduleId,
+        (holdsBySchedule.get(hold.scheduleId) ?? 0) + 1,
+      );
+    }
+
+    // ── Blocked seats, per schedule ────────────────────────────────────────────
+    // One counted block per seat, resolved exactly as the drill-down resolves it: a
+    // schedule-scoped block beats a global one, and rows arrive newest-first so the
+    // first of a kind seen for a seat is already the most recent.
+    const blockedBySchedule = new Map<string, number>();
+    for (const schedule of schedules) {
+      const assignedCoachIds = coachIdsBySchedule.get(schedule.id) ?? new Set<string>();
+      const countedSeatIds = new Map<string, string | null>();
+
+      for (const block of blockRows) {
+        const seat = block.seat;
+        if (!seat || isPlaceholderSeat(seat)) continue;
+
+        const coachType = seat.coach?.coachType;
+        if (
+          isDiningCoach({
+            coachTypeType: coachType?.type ?? null,
+            coachTypeName: coachType?.name ?? null,
+          })
+        ) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        if (block.scheduleId !== null) {
+          if (block.scheduleId !== schedule.id) continue;
+        } else {
+          if (!assignedCoachIds.has(seat.coachId)) continue;
+          if (!isGlobalBlockInEffectAt(block, schedule.departureAt)) continue;
+        }
+
+        const existing = countedSeatIds.get(seat.id);
+        if (existing === undefined || (existing === null && block.scheduleId !== null)) {
+          countedSeatIds.set(seat.id, block.scheduleId);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (countedSeatIds.size > 0) {
+        blockedBySchedule.set(schedule.id, countedSeatIds.size);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // ── Assemble ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    const scheduleRows = schedules.map((s) => {
+      const sellableSeats = sellableBySchedule.get(s.id) ?? 0;
+      const paid = paidBySchedule.get(s.id) ?? 0;
+      const unpaid = unpaidBySchedule.get(s.id) ?? 0;
+      const expiredHolds = holdsBySchedule.get(s.id) ?? 0;
+      const blocked = blockedBySchedule.get(s.id) ?? 0;
+      // Floored at zero: a seat can be both sold and blocked, so the parts can
+      // over-subtract. Never render a negative slice.
+      const available = Math.max(0, sellableSeats - paid - unpaid - blocked);
+
+      return {
+        scheduleId: s.id,
+        trainNumber: s.train.number,
+        originStation: s.originStation.name,
+        destinationStation: s.destinationStation.name,
+        departureAt: s.departureAt,
+        isPackage: s.isPackageOnly,
+        sellableSeats,
+        paid,
+        unpaid,
+        expiredHolds,
+        blocked,
+        available,
+        loadFactorPercent:
+          sellableSeats > 0 ? +((paid / sellableSeats) * 100).toFixed(1) : 0,
+      };
+    });
+
+    // Day buckets keyed on the UTC calendar date of departure, so the chart's axis and
+    // its bars are derived from one value and cannot disagree with each other.
+    const byDayMap = new Map<string, ReturnType<typeof emptyDayBucket>>();
+    for (const row of scheduleRows) {
+      const date = row.departureAt.toISOString().slice(0, 10);
+      const bucket = byDayMap.get(date) ?? emptyDayBucket(date);
+      bucket.scheduleCount += 1;
+      bucket.sellableSeats += row.sellableSeats;
+      bucket.paid += row.paid;
+      bucket.unpaid += row.unpaid;
+      bucket.expiredHolds += row.expiredHolds;
+      bucket.blocked += row.blocked;
+      bucket.available += row.available;
+      byDayMap.set(date, bucket);
+    }
+    const byDay = [...byDayMap.values()].sort((a, b) => a.date.localeCompare(b.date));
+
+    const sum = (pick: (r: (typeof scheduleRows)[number]) => number) =>
+      scheduleRows.reduce((total, row) => total + pick(row), 0);
+
+    const totalSellable = sum((r) => r.sellableSeats);
+    const totalPaid = sum((r) => r.paid);
+
+    return {
+      window: {
+        from,
+        to,
+        days,
+        direction,
+        truncated: schedules.length === OVERVIEW_MAX_SCHEDULES,
+      },
+      totals: {
+        scheduleCount: scheduleRows.length,
+        sellableSeats: totalSellable,
+        paidCount: totalPaid,
+        unpaidCount: sum((r) => r.unpaid),
+        expiredHoldCount: sum((r) => r.expiredHolds),
+        blockedCount: sum((r) => r.blocked),
+        availableCount: sum((r) => r.available),
+        loadFactorPercent:
+          totalSellable > 0 ? +((totalPaid / totalSellable) * 100).toFixed(1) : 0,
+      },
+      byDay,
+      schedules: scheduleRows,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fleet-wide passenger mix across a departure window — the landing view for the
+   * passengers report, shown before a schedule is picked.
+   *
+   * Answers "who travelled", not "how full were the trains". Occupancy is deliberately
+   * absent: this report and the seat status report count capacity differently (this one
+   * includes dining and placeholder seats in `totalSeats`, the other does not), so an
+   * occupancy figure here would either contradict the table below it or the seats page.
+   * That pre-existing difference is left alone rather than silently reconciled.
+   *
+   * Counts CONFIRMED and BOARDED only, matching {@link getOccupancyBySchedule} — a seat
+   * awaiting payment has no passenger on it yet.
+   */
+  async getPassengerOverview(daysRaw?: number) {
+    const days = Math.min(
+      Math.max(Math.trunc(daysRaw || OVERVIEW_DEFAULT_DAYS), 1),
+      OVERVIEW_MAX_DAYS,
+    );
+    const now = new Date();
+
+    // Window resolution is intentionally a copy of the one in getSeatStatusOverview
+    // rather than a shared helper: the two reports are free to diverge on what window
+    // makes sense for them, and a shared helper would couple them for ~20 lines.
+    let from = now;
+    let to = new Date(now.getTime() + days * MS_PER_DAY_OVERVIEW);
+    let direction: 'UPCOMING' | 'RECENT' = 'UPCOMING';
+
+    const upcomingCount = await this.prisma.trainSchedule.count({
+      where: { departureAt: { gte: from, lte: to }, status: { not: 'CANCELLED' } },
+    });
+
+    if (upcomingCount === 0) {
+      const latest = await this.prisma.trainSchedule.findFirst({
+        where: { departureAt: { lt: now }, status: { not: 'CANCELLED' } },
+        orderBy: { departureAt: 'desc' },
+        select: { departureAt: true },
+      });
+      if (latest) {
+        direction = 'RECENT';
+        to = latest.departureAt;
+        from = new Date(to.getTime() - days * MS_PER_DAY_OVERVIEW);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const schedules = await this.prisma.trainSchedule.findMany({
+      where: { departureAt: { gte: from, lte: to }, status: { not: 'CANCELLED' } },
+      select: {
+        id: true,
+        departureAt: true,
+        isPackageOnly: true,
+        originStationId: true,
+        destinationStationId: true,
+        train: { select: { number: true } },
+        originStation: { select: { name: true } },
+        destinationStation: { select: { name: true } },
+      },
+      orderBy: { departureAt: 'asc' },
+      take: OVERVIEW_MAX_SCHEDULES,
+    });
+
+    if (schedules.length === 0) {
+      return {
+        window: { from, to, days, direction, truncated: false },
+        totals: { scheduleCount: 0, totalPassengers: 0, groupPassengers: 0 },
+        byDay: [],
+        byNationality: [],
+        byCategory: [],
+        topRoutes: [],
+        schedules: [],
+      };
+    }
+
+    const scheduleIds = schedules.map((s) => s.id);
+
+    // Same three-branch OR as the per-schedule report: own scheduleId, return leg, or a
+    // legacy null-scheduleId row reached through the booking's outbound schedule.
+    const bookingSeats = await this.prisma.bookingSeat.findMany({
+      where: {
+        OR: [
+          {
+            scheduleId: { in: scheduleIds },
+            booking: { status: { in: PASSENGER_ACTIVE_BOOKING_STATUSES } },
+          },
+          {
+            leg: 2,
+            booking: {
+              returnScheduleId: { in: scheduleIds },
+              status: { in: PASSENGER_ACTIVE_BOOKING_STATUSES },
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            scheduleId: null,
+            leg: 1,
+            booking: {
+              scheduleId: { in: scheduleIds },
+              status: { in: PASSENGER_ACTIVE_BOOKING_STATUSES },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      select: {
+        scheduleId: true,
+        leg: true,
+        bookingId: true,
+        passengerCategory: true,
+        passportCountry: true,
+        idDocumentType: true,
+        booking: {
+          select: {
+            scheduleId: true,
+            returnScheduleId: true,
+            originStationId: true,
+            destinationStationId: true,
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+
+    // Station names for the route pairs. Bookings that never recorded a station fall back
+    // to the schedule's own endpoints, the same fallback getOccupancyBySchedule applies.
+    const stationIds = [
+      ...new Set(
+        [
+          ...bookingSeats.flatMap((bs) => [
+            bs.booking.originStationId,
+            bs.booking.destinationStationId,
+          ]),
+          ...schedules.flatMap((s) => [s.originStationId, s.destinationStationId]),
+        ].filter((id): id is string => Boolean(id)),
+      ),
+    ];
+    const stations = stationIds.length
+      ? await this.prisma.station.findMany({
+          where: { id: { in: stationIds } },
+          select: { id: true, name: true },
+        })
+      : [];
+    const stationName = new Map(stations.map((s) => [s.id, s.name]));
+
+    const scheduleById = new Map(schedules.map((s) => [s.id, s]));
+    const scheduleIdSet = new Set(scheduleIds);
+
+    const passengersBySchedule = new Map<string, number>();
+    const nationalityCounts = new Map<string, number>();
+    const categoryCounts = new Map<string, number>();
+    const routeCounts = new Map<string, { origin: string; destination: string; passengers: number }>();
+    // A booking contributing more than one seat to the window is a group booking.
+    const seatsPerBooking = new Map<string, number>();
+
+    for (const bs of bookingSeats) {
+      const scheduleId =
+        bs.scheduleId && scheduleIdSet.has(bs.scheduleId)
+          ? bs.scheduleId
+          : bs.leg === 2
+            ? bs.booking.returnScheduleId
+            : bs.booking.scheduleId;
+      if (!scheduleId || !scheduleIdSet.has(scheduleId)) continue;
+
+      const schedule = scheduleById.get(scheduleId);
+      passengersBySchedule.set(
+        scheduleId,
+        (passengersBySchedule.get(scheduleId) ?? 0) + 1,
+      );
+      seatsPerBooking.set(bs.bookingId, (seatsPerBooking.get(bs.bookingId) ?? 0) + 1);
+
+      // Same derivation as getPassengerList, so the chart and the drill-down list agree
+      // on what a passenger's nationality is.
+      const nationality = bs.passportCountry
+        ? bs.passportCountry === 'Djibouti'
+          ? 'Djiboutian'
+          : bs.passportCountry
+        : bs.idDocumentType === 'NATIONAL_ID'
+          ? 'Ethiopian'
+          : 'Unknown';
+      nationalityCounts.set(nationality, (nationalityCounts.get(nationality) ?? 0) + 1);
+
+      const category = bs.passengerCategory ?? 'ADULT';
+      categoryCounts.set(category, (categoryCounts.get(category) ?? 0) + 1);
+
+      const originId = bs.booking.originStationId ?? schedule?.originStationId ?? null;
+      const destinationId =
+        bs.booking.destinationStationId ?? schedule?.destinationStationId ?? null;
+      if (originId && destinationId) {
+        const key = `${originId}|${destinationId}`;
+        const existing = routeCounts.get(key);
+        if (existing) {
+          existing.passengers += 1;
+        } else {
+          routeCounts.set(key, {
+            origin: stationName.get(originId) ?? originId,
+            destination: stationName.get(destinationId) ?? destinationId,
+            passengers: 1,
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    const groupPassengers = [...seatsPerBooking.values()]
+      .filter((count) => count > 1)
+      .reduce((sum, count) => sum + count, 0);
+
+    const scheduleRows = schedules.map((s) => ({
+      scheduleId: s.id,
+      trainNumber: s.train.number,
+      originStation: s.originStation.name,
+      destinationStation: s.destinationStation.name,
+      departureAt: s.departureAt,
+      isPackage: s.isPackageOnly,
+      passengers: passengersBySchedule.get(s.id) ?? 0,
+    }));
+
+    const byDayMap = new Map<string, { date: string; scheduleCount: number; passengers: number }>();
+    for (const row of scheduleRows) {
+      const date = row.departureAt.toISOString().slice(0, 10);
+      const bucket = byDayMap.get(date) ?? { date, scheduleCount: 0, passengers: 0 };
+      bucket.scheduleCount += 1;
+      bucket.passengers += row.passengers;
+      byDayMap.set(date, bucket);
+    }
+
+    const rank = <T extends { passengers: number }>(rows: T[]) =>
+      rows.sort((a, b) => b.passengers - a.passengers);
+
+    return {
+      window: {
+        from,
+        to,
+        days,
+        direction,
+        truncated: schedules.length === OVERVIEW_MAX_SCHEDULES,
+      },
+      totals: {
+        scheduleCount: scheduleRows.length,
+        totalPassengers: scheduleRows.reduce((sum, r) => sum + r.passengers, 0),
+        groupPassengers,
+      },
+      byDay: [...byDayMap.values()].sort((a, b) => a.date.localeCompare(b.date)),
+      byNationality: rank(
+        [...nationalityCounts.entries()].map(([nationality, passengers]) => ({
+          nationality,
+          passengers,
+        })),
+      ),
+      byCategory: rank(
+        [...categoryCounts.entries()].map(([category, passengers]) => ({
+          category,
+          passengers,
+        })),
+      ),
+      topRoutes: rank([...routeCounts.values()]).slice(0, TOP_ROUTES_LIMIT),
+      schedules: scheduleRows,
+    };
+  }
+
   async getPaymentDiscrepancyReport(params: {
     from?: string;
     to?: string;
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/routes.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/routes.service.ts
index 56ff8ddfe..8d72da2a2 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/routes.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/routes.service.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,26 @@ import { PrismaService } from '../../common/prisma.service';
 import { CreateRouteDto, AddRouteStopDto, UpdateRouteDto, SetRouteCoachTemplateDto } from './routes.dto';
 import { DeleteOperationException } from '../../common/exceptions/delete-operation.exception';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
+import { snapshot } from '../../common/audit-snapshot';
+
+const ROUTE_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'code',
+  'name',
+  'description',
+  'active',
+  'effectiveFrom',
+  'effectiveUntil',
+  'checkinMinutesBefore',
+] as const;
+const ROUTE_STOP_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'routeId',
+  'stationId',
+  'sequence',
+  'distanceKm',
+  'checkinMinutesBefore',
+  'travelMinutesToStop',
+] as const;
 import { parseEthiopianTime } from '../../common/utils/timezone.utils';
 import { computePlannedStopTimes } from '../../common/utils/schedule-times.utils';
 
@@ -75,7 +95,12 @@ export class RoutesService {
       },
       include: { stops: { include: { route: false }, orderBy: { sequence: 'asc' } } },
     });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'Route', entityId: route.id, newData: { code: route.code, name: route.name } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Route,
+      entityId: route.id,
+      newData: snapshot(route, ROUTE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return route;
   }
 
@@ -165,11 +190,23 @@ export class RoutesService {
       }
     }
 
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'Route', entityId: id, newData: { name: dto.name, active: dto.active } });
-    return this.prisma.route.findUnique({
+    const updated = await this.prisma.route.findUnique({
       where: { id },
       include: { stops: { orderBy: { sequence: 'asc' } } },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Route,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(route, ROUTE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: {
+        ...snapshot(updated, ROUTE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+        // Stop edits arrive as a full replacement, so record the resulting shape rather than
+        // every row — the RouteStop rows themselves are audited on the dedicated endpoints.
+        ...(dto.stops && dto.stops.length >= 2 ? { stopsReplaced: dto.stops.length } : {}),
+      },
+    });
+    return updated;
   }
 
   async deleteRoute(id: string, cascade = false) {
@@ -254,7 +291,13 @@ export class RoutesService {
     }
 
     await this.prisma.route.delete({ where: { id } });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'Route', entityId: id, oldData: { code: route.code, name: route.name } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Route,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(route, ROUTE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: { cascade },
+    });
     return { deleted: true, id };
   }
 
@@ -276,7 +319,7 @@ export class RoutesService {
     const otherStops = await this.prisma.routeStop.findMany({ where: { routeId } });
     this.validateStopDistances([...otherStops, { sequence: dto.sequence, stationId: dto.stationId, distanceKm: dto.distanceKm }]);
 
-    return this.prisma.routeStop.create({
+    const stop = await this.prisma.routeStop.create({
       data: {
         routeId,
         stationId: dto.stationId,
@@ -286,6 +329,13 @@ export class RoutesService {
         travelMinutesToStop: dto.travelMinutesToStop ?? null,
       },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.RouteStop,
+      entityId: stop.id,
+      newData: { ...snapshot(stop, ROUTE_STOP_AUDIT_FIELDS), stationName: station.name },
+    });
+    return stop;
   }
 
   async removeStop(routeId: string, sequence: number) {
@@ -298,6 +348,12 @@ export class RoutesService {
     if (total <= 2) throw new BadRequestException('A route must retain at least 2 stops');
 
     await this.prisma.routeStop.delete({ where: { routeId_sequence: { routeId, sequence } } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.RouteStop,
+      entityId: stop.id,
+      oldData: snapshot(stop, ROUTE_STOP_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return { deleted: true, sequence };
   }
 
@@ -351,18 +407,48 @@ export class RoutesService {
     const positions = dto.coaches.map(c => c.positionNumber);
     if (new Set(positions).size !== positions.length) throw new BadRequestException('Duplicate positionNumber values');
 
+    const previous = await this.prisma.routeCoachTemplate.findMany({
+      where: { routeId },
+      orderBy: { positionNumber: 'asc' },
+      select: { coachId: true, positionNumber: true },
+    });
+
     await this.prisma.routeCoachTemplate.deleteMany({ where: { routeId } });
     await this.prisma.routeCoachTemplate.createMany({
       data: dto.coaches.map(c => ({ routeId, coachId: c.coachId, positionNumber: c.positionNumber })),
     });
 
+    // The template is replaced wholesale, so the audit row carries both compositions rather
+    // than one row per coach — a reader wants "what does this route run now vs. before".
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.ASSIGN,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.RouteCoachTemplate,
+      entityId: routeId,
+      oldData: { routeCode: route.code, coaches: previous },
+      newData: {
+        routeCode: route.code,
+        coaches: dto.coaches.map(c => ({ coachId: c.coachId, positionNumber: c.positionNumber })),
+      },
+    });
+
     return this.getRouteCoachTemplate(routeId);
   }
 
   async removeRouteCoachTemplate(routeId: string) {
     const route = await this.prisma.route.findUnique({ where: { id: routeId } });
     if (!route) throw new NotFoundException('Route not found');
+    const previous = await this.prisma.routeCoachTemplate.findMany({
+      where: { routeId },
+      orderBy: { positionNumber: 'asc' },
+      select: { coachId: true, positionNumber: true },
+    });
     await this.prisma.routeCoachTemplate.deleteMany({ where: { routeId } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UNASSIGN,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.RouteCoachTemplate,
+      entityId: routeId,
+      oldData: { routeCode: route.code, coaches: previous },
+    });
     return { deleted: true, routeId };
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/schedules-audit.spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/schedules-audit.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0bd129dbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/schedules-audit.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+import { SchedulesService } from './schedules.service';
+
+/**
+ * Master-data coverage, using schedules as the representative entity.
+ *
+ * `updateScheduleStatus` was a one-line Prisma update with no audit call at all, so "who
+ * cancelled this schedule" had no answer. Fare-rule edits were similar: the previous price was
+ * read and then discarded, leaving an UPDATE row that didn't say what changed.
+ */
+describe('SchedulesService — audit', () => {
+  const SCHEDULE_ID = 'sched-1';
+
+  let prisma: Record<string, any>;
+  let audit: { log: jest.Mock };
+  let service: SchedulesService;
+
+  const scheduleRow = (over: Record<string, any> = {}) => ({
+    id: SCHEDULE_ID,
+    trainId: 'train-1',
+    routeId: 'route-1',
+    originStationId: 'station-a',
+    destinationStationId: 'station-b',
+    departureAt: new Date('2026-09-01T06:00:00.000Z'),
+    arrivalAt: new Date('2026-09-01T18:00:00.000Z'),
+    durationMinutes: 720,
+    stopsCount: 3,
+    status: 'SCHEDULED',
+    ...over,
+  });
+
+  const build = (over: Record<string, any> = {}) => {
+    const schedule = scheduleRow(over);
+    prisma = {
+      trainSchedule: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(schedule),
+        update: jest.fn(async ({ data }: any) => ({ ...schedule, ...data })),
+      },
+      fareRule: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn(),
+        create: jest.fn(),
+        update: jest.fn(),
+        delete: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({}),
+      },
+      routeFareRule: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn(),
+        update: jest.fn(),
+        delete: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({}),
+      },
+      segmentFareRule: { findUnique: jest.fn(), update: jest.fn(), delete: jest.fn() },
+    };
+    audit = { log: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined) };
+
+    service = new SchedulesService(
+      prisma as any,
+      {} as any, // routesService
+      {} as any, // fareEngine
+      audit as any,
+      { updateLiveStatus: jest.fn() } as any, // liveService
+    );
+    return schedule;
+  };
+
+  const rows = () => audit.log.mock.calls.map((c) => c[0]);
+
+  describe('updateScheduleStatus', () => {
+    it('records one STATUS_CHANGE with the status it moved from and to', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.updateScheduleStatus(SCHEDULE_ID, { status: 'BOARDING' } as any);
+
+      expect(rows()).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(rows()[0]).toMatchObject({
+        action: 'STATUS_CHANGE',
+        entityType: 'Schedule',
+        entityId: SCHEDULE_ID,
+        oldData: { status: 'SCHEDULED' },
+      });
+      expect(rows()[0].newData.status).toBe('BOARDING');
+    });
+
+    it('uses CANCEL for a cancellation so it is not lost among ordinary updates', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.updateScheduleStatus(SCHEDULE_ID, { status: 'CANCELLED' } as any);
+
+      expect(rows()[0]).toMatchObject({
+        action: 'CANCEL',
+        entityType: 'Schedule',
+        entityId: SCHEDULE_ID,
+        oldData: { status: 'SCHEDULED' },
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('records nothing when the schedule does not exist', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.trainSchedule.findUnique.mockResolvedValue(null);
+
+      await expect(
+        service.updateScheduleStatus(SCHEDULE_ID, { status: 'CANCELLED' } as any),
+      ).rejects.toThrow();
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('records nothing when the write itself fails', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.trainSchedule.update.mockRejectedValue(new Error('db down'));
+
+      await expect(
+        service.updateScheduleStatus(SCHEDULE_ID, { status: 'CANCELLED' } as any),
+      ).rejects.toThrow();
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('leaves the actor to AuditService', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.updateScheduleStatus(SCHEDULE_ID, { status: 'DELAYED' } as any);
+      expect(rows()[0].userId).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('fare rules', () => {
+    it('records the previous price on an update, not just the new one', async () => {
+      build();
+      const before = {
+        id: 'fr-1',
+        tripId: SCHEDULE_ID,
+        seatClassId: 'sc-1',
+        baseFareMinor: 50000,
+        currency: 'ETB',
+        nationality: null,
+        validFrom: new Date('2026-01-01'),
+        validUntil: null,
+      };
+      prisma.fareRule.findUnique.mockResolvedValue(before);
+      prisma.fareRule.update.mockResolvedValue({ ...before, baseFareMinor: 65000 });
+
+      await service.updateFareRule('fr-1', { baseFareMinor: 65000 } as any);
+
+      const row = rows()[0];
+      expect(row).toMatchObject({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'FareRule', entityId: 'fr-1' });
+      expect(row.oldData).toMatchObject({ baseFareMinor: 50000 });
+      expect(row.newData).toMatchObject({ baseFareMinor: 65000 });
+    });
+
+    it('records what a deleted fare rule was worth', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.fareRule.findUnique.mockResolvedValue({
+        id: 'fr-1',
+        tripId: SCHEDULE_ID,
+        seatClassId: 'sc-1',
+        baseFareMinor: 50000,
+        currency: 'ETB',
+      });
+
+      await service.deleteFareRule('fr-1');
+
+      expect(rows()[0]).toMatchObject({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'FareRule', entityId: 'fr-1' });
+      expect(rows()[0].oldData).toMatchObject({ baseFareMinor: 50000 });
+    });
+
+    it('records a route fare-rule price change that previously left no trail', async () => {
+      build();
+      const before = {
+        id: 'rfr-1',
+        routeId: 'route-1',
+        seatClassId: 'sc-1',
+        passengerCategory: 'ADULT',
+        baseFareMinor: 40000,
+        surchargeMinor: 0,
+        validFrom: new Date('2026-01-01'),
+        validUntil: null,
+      };
+      prisma.routeFareRule.findUnique.mockResolvedValue(before);
+      prisma.routeFareRule.update.mockResolvedValue({ ...before, baseFareMinor: 45000 });
+
+      await service.updateRouteFareRule('rfr-1', { baseFareMinor: 45000 });
+
+      expect(rows()[0]).toMatchObject({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'RouteFareRule' });
+      expect(rows()[0].oldData).toMatchObject({ baseFareMinor: 40000 });
+      expect(rows()[0].newData).toMatchObject({ baseFareMinor: 45000 });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('reads', () => {
+    it('writes nothing when listing schedules', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.trainSchedule.findMany = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
+
+      await service.listSchedules({} as any);
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('writes nothing when listing fare rules', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.fareRule.findMany = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
+
+      await service.getFareRules(SCHEDULE_ID);
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/schedules.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/schedules.service.ts
index 7680d8f9c..ab795598b 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/schedules.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/schedules/schedules.service.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,59 @@ import { CreateScheduleDto, UpdateScheduleDto, CreateFareRuleDto, UpdateSchedule
 import { DeleteOperationException } from '../../common/exceptions/delete-operation.exception';
 import { parseEthiopianTime, startOfDayEAT, startOfNextDayEAT } from '../../common/utils/timezone.utils';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
+import { snapshot } from '../../common/audit-snapshot';
 import { LiveService } from '../live/live.service';
 import { computePlannedStopTimes } from '../../common/utils/schedule-times.utils';
 
+const SCHEDULE_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'trainId',
+  'routeId',
+  'originStationId',
+  'destinationStationId',
+  'departureAt',
+  'arrivalAt',
+  'durationMinutes',
+  'stopsCount',
+  'status',
+] as const;
+const FARE_RULE_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'tripId',
+  'seatClassId',
+  'baseFareMinor',
+  'currency',
+  'nationality',
+  'validFrom',
+  'validUntil',
+] as const;
+const SEGMENT_FARE_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'routeId',
+  'seatClassId',
+  'originStopSequence',
+  'destinationStopSequence',
+  'baseFareMinor',
+  'currency',
+  'validFrom',
+  'validUntil',
+] as const;
+const ROUTE_FARE_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'routeId',
+  'seatClassId',
+  'passengerCategory',
+  'baseFareMinor',
+  'surchargeMinor',
+  'validFrom',
+  'validUntil',
+] as const;
+const STOP_TIME_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'scheduleId',
+  'stationId',
+  'sequence',
+  'plannedArrivalAt',
+  'plannedDepartureAt',
+  'status',
+] as const;
+
 @Injectable()
 export class SchedulesService {
   private readonly logger = new Logger(SchedulesService.name);
@@ -102,6 +152,24 @@ export class SchedulesService {
       currentDate = new Date(currentDate.getTime() + dto.repeatEveryDays * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000);
     }
 
+    // One row for the whole sweep, not one per schedule — the operator performed a single
+    // action and the created ids are the interesting part.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.BULK_CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Schedule,
+      entityId: dto.routeId,
+      newData: {
+        routeId: dto.routeId,
+        trainId: dto.trainId,
+        startDateTime: dto.startDateTime,
+        forNextDays: dto.forNextDays,
+        repeatEveryDays: dto.repeatEveryDays,
+        schedulesCreated: scheduleCount,
+        scheduleIds,
+        errorCount: errors.length,
+      },
+    });
+
     return { schedulesCreated: scheduleCount, errors, scheduleIds };
   }
 
@@ -234,7 +302,12 @@ export class SchedulesService {
     }
 
     const result = await this.getSchedule(schedule.id);
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'Schedule', entityId: schedule.id, newData: { trainId: dto.trainId, routeId: dto.routeId, departureAt: dep } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Schedule,
+      entityId: schedule.id,
+      newData: snapshot(schedule, SCHEDULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return result;
   }
 
@@ -352,12 +425,37 @@ export class SchedulesService {
     await this.routesService.applyRouteToSchedule(dto.routeId, id, plannedTimesMap);
 
     const result = await this.getSchedule(id);
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'Schedule', entityId: id, newData: { trainId: dto.trainId, departureAt: dep } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Schedule,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(schedule, SCHEDULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(result as any, SCHEDULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return result;
   }
 
   async updateScheduleStatus(id: string, dto: UpdateScheduleStatusDto) {
-    return this.prisma.trainSchedule.update({ where: { id }, data: { status: dto.status } });
+    const schedule = await this.prisma.trainSchedule.findUnique({ where: { id } });
+    if (!schedule) throw new NotFoundException('Schedule not found');
+
+    const updated = await this.prisma.trainSchedule.update({
+      where: { id },
+      data: { status: dto.status },
+    });
+
+    // CANCELLED is the one transition an operator is asked to justify after the fact, so it
+    // gets its own verb; everything else is a plain status move.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action:
+        dto.status === 'CANCELLED' ? AUDIT_ACTIONS.CANCEL : AUDIT_ACTIONS.STATUS_CHANGE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Schedule,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: { status: schedule.status },
+      newData: { status: updated.status, departureAt: updated.departureAt.toISOString() },
+    });
+
+    return updated;
   }
 
   async deleteSchedule(id: string, cascade = false) {
@@ -438,7 +536,13 @@ export class SchedulesService {
       await this.prisma.travelPackage.deleteMany({ where: { id: { in: packageIds } } });
     }
     await this.prisma.trainSchedule.delete({ where: { id } });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'Schedule', entityId: id });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Schedule,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(schedule, SCHEDULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: { cascade, bookingsAffected: (schedule as any)._count?.bookings ?? 0 },
+    });
     return { deleted: true, id };
   }
 
@@ -456,7 +560,7 @@ export class SchedulesService {
     });
     if (!stop) throw new NotFoundException(`Stop at sequence ${sequence} not found on schedule`);
 
-    return this.prisma.tripStopTime.update({
+    const updated = await this.prisma.tripStopTime.update({
       where: { scheduleId_sequence: { scheduleId, sequence } },
       data: {
         plannedArrivalAt: dto.plannedArrivalAt ? parseEthiopianTime(dto.plannedArrivalAt) : undefined,
@@ -465,6 +569,14 @@ export class SchedulesService {
       },
       include: { station: true },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Schedule,
+      entityId: scheduleId,
+      oldData: snapshot(stop, STOP_TIME_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updated, STOP_TIME_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return updated;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -522,10 +634,19 @@ export class SchedulesService {
     await this.liveService.updateLiveStatus(scheduleId, { delayMinutes: accumulatedDelayMinutes });
 
     await this.auditService.log({
-      action: 'UPDATE',
-      entityType: 'Schedule',
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Schedule,
       entityId: scheduleId,
-      newData: { delayMinutes: dto.delayMinutes, fromSequence: dto.fromSequence, accumulatedDelayMinutes },
+      oldData: {
+        delayMinutes: currentLive?.delayMinutes ?? 0,
+        departureAt: schedule.departureAt.toISOString(),
+      },
+      newData: {
+        delayMinutes: dto.delayMinutes,
+        fromSequence: dto.fromSequence,
+        accumulatedDelayMinutes,
+        stopsShifted: stopsToShift.length,
+      },
     });
 
     return this.getSchedule(scheduleId);
@@ -547,7 +668,12 @@ export class SchedulesService {
     const validFrom = dto.validFrom ? parseEthiopianTime(dto.validFrom) : now;
     const validUntil = dto.validUntil ? parseEthiopianTime(dto.validUntil) : null;
 
-    return this.prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
+    const superseded = await this.prisma.fareRule.findFirst({
+      where: { tripId: scheduleId, seatClassId, validUntil: null },
+      orderBy: { validFrom: 'desc' },
+    });
+
+    const created = await this.prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
       await tx.fareRule.updateMany({
         where: { tripId: scheduleId, seatClassId, validUntil: null },
         data: { validUntil: now },
@@ -557,11 +683,27 @@ export class SchedulesService {
         include: { seatClass: true },
       });
     });
+
+    // A schedule fare is versioned rather than edited, so the audit row pairs the rule that was
+    // closed off with the one that replaced it — otherwise the price change is invisible.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.ScheduleFare,
+      entityId: created.id,
+      oldData: snapshot(superseded, FARE_RULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: {
+        ...snapshot(created, FARE_RULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+        scheduleId,
+        seatClassName: seatClass.name,
+      },
+    });
+
+    return created;
   }
 
-  createFareRule(dto: CreateFareRuleDto) {
+  async createFareRule(dto: CreateFareRuleDto) {
     const { validFrom, validUntil, scheduleId, nationality, passengerCategory, ...rest } = dto;
-    const result = this.prisma.fareRule.create({
+    const rule = await this.prisma.fareRule.create({
       data: {
         ...rest,
         tripId: scheduleId,
@@ -571,8 +713,15 @@ export class SchedulesService {
       },
       include: { seatClass: true },
     });
-    result.then(r => this.auditService.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'FareRule', entityId: r.id, newData: { seatClassId: r.seatClassId, baseFareMinor: r.baseFareMinor } }));
-    return result;
+    // Awaited, not a floating .then(): an unhandled rejection there could outlive the response,
+    // and the row could land after the caller had already moved on.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.FareRule,
+      entityId: rule.id,
+      newData: snapshot(rule, FARE_RULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return rule;
   }
 
   async updateFareRule(id: string, dto: Partial<CreateFareRuleDto>) {
@@ -580,7 +729,7 @@ export class SchedulesService {
     if (!existing) throw new NotFoundException('Fare rule not found');
 
     const { validFrom, validUntil, scheduleId, nationality, passengerCategory, ...rest } = dto;
-    return this.prisma.fareRule.update({
+    const updated = await this.prisma.fareRule.update({
       where: { id },
       data: {
         ...rest,
@@ -591,19 +740,32 @@ export class SchedulesService {
       },
       include: { seatClass: true },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.FareRule,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(existing, FARE_RULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updated, FARE_RULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return updated;
   }
 
   async deleteFareRule(id: string) {
     const existing = await this.prisma.fareRule.findUnique({ where: { id } });
     if (!existing) throw new NotFoundException('Fare rule not found');
     await this.prisma.fareRule.delete({ where: { id } });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'FareRule', entityId: id });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.FareRule,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(existing, FARE_RULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return { deleted: true, id };
   }
 
-  createSegmentFareRule(dto: any) {
+  async createSegmentFareRule(dto: any) {
     const { validFrom, validUntil, passengerCategory, ...rest } = dto;
-    return this.prisma.segmentFareRule.create({
+    const rule = await this.prisma.segmentFareRule.create({
       data: {
         ...rest,
         validFrom: parseEthiopianTime(validFrom),
@@ -611,6 +773,13 @@ export class SchedulesService {
       },
       include: { seatClass: true, route: true },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SegmentFareRule,
+      entityId: rule.id,
+      newData: snapshot(rule, SEGMENT_FARE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return rule;
   }
 
   getSegmentFares(routeId: string) {
@@ -621,13 +790,25 @@ export class SchedulesService {
     });
   }
 
-  deleteSegmentFareRule(id: string) {
-    return this.prisma.segmentFareRule.delete({ where: { id } });
+  async deleteSegmentFareRule(id: string) {
+    const existing = await this.prisma.segmentFareRule.findUnique({ where: { id } });
+    if (!existing) throw new NotFoundException('Segment fare rule not found');
+    const deleted = await this.prisma.segmentFareRule.delete({ where: { id } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SegmentFareRule,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(existing, SEGMENT_FARE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return deleted;
   }
 
-  updateSegmentFareRule(id: string, dto: any) {
+  async updateSegmentFareRule(id: string, dto: any) {
+    const existing = await this.prisma.segmentFareRule.findUnique({ where: { id } });
+    if (!existing) throw new NotFoundException('Segment fare rule not found');
+
     const { validFrom, validUntil, passengerCategory, ...rest } = dto;
-    return this.prisma.segmentFareRule.update({
+    const updated = await this.prisma.segmentFareRule.update({
       where: { id },
       data: {
         ...rest,
@@ -636,6 +817,14 @@ export class SchedulesService {
       },
       include: { seatClass: true, route: true },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SegmentFareRule,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(existing, SEGMENT_FARE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updated, SEGMENT_FARE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return updated;
   }
 
   async getFareRules(scheduleId?: string) {
@@ -700,6 +889,15 @@ export class SchedulesService {
       }
     }
 
+    // One row for the sweep: the operator pressed sync once, and every fare it rewrote is
+    // reconstructable from the FareRule versions it created.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.SYNC,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.ScheduleFare,
+      entityId: scheduleId,
+      newData: { scheduleId, synced, errorCount: errors.length },
+    });
+
     return { synced, errors };
   }
 
@@ -718,6 +916,16 @@ export class SchedulesService {
     );
     const plannedTimesMap = Object.fromEntries(plannedTimes.map(t => [t.sequence, t]));
     await this.routesService.applyRouteToSchedule(schedule.routeId, scheduleId, plannedTimesMap);
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.BULK_UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Schedule,
+      entityId: scheduleId,
+      newData: {
+        recalculatedStopTimes: true,
+        routeId: schedule.routeId,
+        stopCount: plannedTimes.length,
+      },
+    });
     return { recalculated: true, scheduleId, stopCount: plannedTimes.length };
   }
 
@@ -731,6 +939,12 @@ export class SchedulesService {
     const inactiveCoach = existingCoaches.find(c => c.status !== 'ACTIVE');
     if (inactiveCoach) throw new BadRequestException(`Coach ${inactiveCoach.number} is not active`);
 
+    const previous = await this.prisma.coachAssignment.findMany({
+      where: { scheduleId },
+      orderBy: { positionNumber: 'asc' },
+      select: { coachId: true, positionNumber: true },
+    });
+
     await this.prisma.coachAssignment.deleteMany({ where: { scheduleId } });
 
     const data = coaches.map((c) => ({
@@ -741,6 +955,20 @@ export class SchedulesService {
     }));
 
     await this.prisma.coachAssignment.createMany({ data });
+
+    // Assignment is a wholesale replacement, so both compositions go on one row rather than a
+    // delete row per coach followed by a create row per coach.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.ASSIGN,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.CoachAssignment,
+      entityId: scheduleId,
+      oldData: { scheduleId, coaches: previous },
+      newData: {
+        scheduleId,
+        coaches: coaches.map((c) => ({ coachId: c.coachId, positionNumber: c.positionNumber })),
+      },
+    });
+
     return { message: 'Coaches assigned successfully', count: coaches.length };
   }
 
@@ -795,19 +1023,55 @@ export class SchedulesService {
 
     if (dto.coaches !== undefined) {
       if (dto.coaches.length > 0) {
+        // Logs its own ASSIGN row; this method only audits the schedule's own fields, so the
+        // two rows describe two facts rather than double-reporting one.
         await this.assignCoaches(id, dto.coaches);
       } else {
+        const cleared = await this.prisma.coachAssignment.findMany({
+          where: { scheduleId: id },
+          select: { coachId: true, positionNumber: true },
+        });
         await this.prisma.coachAssignment.deleteMany({ where: { scheduleId: id } });
+        await this.auditService.log({
+          action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UNASSIGN,
+          entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.CoachAssignment,
+          entityId: id,
+          oldData: { scheduleId: id, coaches: cleared },
+          newData: { scheduleId: id, coaches: [] },
+        });
       }
     }
 
-    return this.getSchedule(id);
+    const result = await this.getSchedule(id);
+
+    if (Object.keys(updateData).length > 0) {
+      const statusChanged = dto.status !== undefined && dto.status !== schedule.status;
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: statusChanged
+          ? dto.status === 'CANCELLED'
+            ? AUDIT_ACTIONS.CANCEL
+            : AUDIT_ACTIONS.STATUS_CHANGE
+          : AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Schedule,
+        entityId: id,
+        oldData: snapshot(schedule, SCHEDULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+        newData: snapshot(result as any, SCHEDULE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      });
+    }
+
+    return result;
   }
 
   async removeCoachAssignment(scheduleId: string, coachId: string) {
     const assignment = await this.prisma.coachAssignment.findFirst({ where: { scheduleId, coachId } });
     if (!assignment) throw new NotFoundException('Coach assignment not found');
     await this.prisma.coachAssignment.delete({ where: { id: assignment.id } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UNASSIGN,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.CoachAssignment,
+      entityId: assignment.id,
+      oldData: { scheduleId, coachId, positionNumber: assignment.positionNumber },
+    });
     return { message: 'Coach assignment removed' };
   }
 
@@ -846,14 +1110,23 @@ export class SchedulesService {
       },
       include: { seatClass: true, route: true },
     });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'RouteFareRule', entityId: rule.id, newData: { routeId: dto.routeId, seatClassId: dto.seatClassId, baseFareMinor: dto.baseFareMinor } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.RouteFareRule,
+      entityId: rule.id,
+      newData: {
+        ...snapshot(rule, ROUTE_FARE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+        routeCode: route.code,
+        seatClassName: seatClass.name,
+      },
+    });
     return rule;
   }
 
   async updateRouteFareRule(id: string, dto: { baseFareMinor?: number; surchargeMinor?: number; validFrom?: string; validUntil?: string }) {
     const rule = await this.prisma.routeFareRule.findUnique({ where: { id } });
     if (!rule) throw new NotFoundException('Route fare rule not found');
-    return this.prisma.routeFareRule.update({
+    const updated = await this.prisma.routeFareRule.update({
       where: { id },
       data: {
         ...(dto.baseFareMinor !== undefined && { baseFareMinor: dto.baseFareMinor }),
@@ -863,13 +1136,26 @@ export class SchedulesService {
       },
       include: { seatClass: true, route: true },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.RouteFareRule,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(rule, ROUTE_FARE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updated, ROUTE_FARE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
+    return updated;
   }
 
   async deleteRouteFareRule(id: string) {
     const rule = await this.prisma.routeFareRule.findUnique({ where: { id } });
     if (!rule) throw new NotFoundException('Route fare rule not found');
     await this.prisma.routeFareRule.delete({ where: { id } });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'RouteFareRule', entityId: id });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.RouteFareRule,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(rule, ROUTE_FARE_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return { deleted: true, id };
   }
 }
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/seat-classes/seat-classes.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/seat-classes/seat-classes.service.ts
index f33ecac64..9f103600f 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/seat-classes/seat-classes.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/seat-classes/seat-classes.service.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,22 @@ import { Injectable, NotFoundException, ConflictException } from '@nestjs/common
 import { PrismaService } from '../../common/prisma.service';
 import { DeleteOperationException } from '../../common/exceptions/delete-operation.exception';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
+import { snapshot } from '../../common/audit-snapshot';
+
+/**
+ * Seat classes carry the per-km tariff rate, so `baseFareMinor` is the field an auditor is
+ * actually chasing — logging only the name made a price change indistinguishable from a rename.
+ */
+const SEAT_CLASS_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'coachTypeId',
+  'name',
+  'description',
+  'baseFareMinor',
+  'premiumMinor',
+  'insuranceFeeMinor',
+  'isActive',
+] as const;
 
 @Injectable()
 export class SeatClassesService {
@@ -30,7 +46,13 @@ export class SeatClassesService {
       ...(basePrice !== undefined && { baseFareMinor: basePrice }),
     };
     const updated = await this.prisma.seatClass.update({ where: { id }, data });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'SeatClass', entityId: id, newData: { name: updated.name } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SeatClass,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(sc, SEAT_CLASS_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updated, SEAT_CLASS_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+    });
     return updated;
   }
 
@@ -42,7 +64,12 @@ export class SeatClassesService {
         ...(basePrice !== undefined && { baseFareMinor: basePrice }),
       };
       const sc = await this.prisma.seatClass.create({ data });
-      await this.auditService.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'SeatClass', entityId: sc.id, newData: { name: sc.name } });
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SeatClass,
+        entityId: sc.id,
+        newData: snapshot(sc, SEAT_CLASS_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      });
       return sc;
     } catch (e: any) {
       if (e.code === 'P2002') throw new ConflictException(`Seat class "${dto.name}" already exists`);
@@ -76,7 +103,13 @@ export class SeatClassesService {
     }
 
     const deleted = await this.prisma.seatClass.delete({ where: { id } });
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'SeatClass', entityId: id, oldData: { name: sc.name } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.SeatClass,
+      entityId: id,
+      oldData: snapshot(sc, SEAT_CLASS_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: { cascade, fareRulesDeleted: cascade ? totalFareRules : 0 },
+    });
     return deleted;
   }
 }
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/seats/seats.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/seats/seats.service.ts
index 83dc6aea4..00aff331b 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/seats/seats.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/seats/seats.service.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { Cron, CronExpression } from '@nestjs/schedule';
 import { SegmentsService } from '../segments/segments.service';
 import { SystemConfigService, CONFIG_KEYS } from '../system-config/system-config.service';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
 import { SmsClientService } from '../notifications/sms-client.service';
 import { computePaymentDeadline } from '../../common/utils/payment-deadline.utils';
 import { checkDirectionConflict } from '../../common/utils/journey-direction.utils';
@@ -958,6 +959,13 @@ export class SeatsService {
       }
     }
 
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.IMPORT,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Seat,
+      entityId: scheduleId,
+      newData: { scheduleId, rows: lines.length, imported, errorCount: errors.length },
+    });
+
     return { imported, errors: errors.slice(0, 10) };
   }
 
@@ -991,10 +999,11 @@ export class SeatsService {
       });
     }
     await this.auditService.log({
-      action: 'UPDATE',
-      entityType: 'Seat',
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.BLOCK,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Seat,
       entityId: seatId,
-      newData: { status: 'BLOCKED', reason, reasonCategory, scheduleId, blockedBy },
+      oldData: { status: seat.status, seatNumber: seat.seatNumber, coachId: seat.coachId },
+      newData: { status: 'BLOCKED', reason, reasonCategory, scheduleId, blockedBy, blockedByName },
     });
     return { blocked: true, seatId, reason, reasonCategory, scheduleId, blockedBy, blockedByName };
   }
@@ -1009,7 +1018,13 @@ export class SeatsService {
       await this.prisma.seat.update({ where: { id: seatId }, data: { status: 'AVAILABLE' } });
       await this.prisma.seatBlock.deleteMany({ where: { seatId, scheduleId: null } });
     }
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'UPDATE', entityType: 'Seat', entityId: seatId, newData: { status: 'AVAILABLE', scheduleId } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UNBLOCK,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Seat,
+      entityId: seatId,
+      oldData: { status: seat.status, seatNumber: seat.seatNumber, coachId: seat.coachId },
+      newData: { status: 'AVAILABLE', scheduleId },
+    });
     return { unblocked: true, seatId, scheduleId };
   }
 
@@ -1027,6 +1042,13 @@ export class SeatsService {
         blockedByName: actor?.name ?? 'System',
       },
     });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.STATUS_CHANGE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Seat,
+      entityId: seatId,
+      oldData: { status: seat.status, seatNumber: seat.seatNumber, coachId: seat.coachId },
+      newData: { status: 'UNDER_MAINTENANCE', reason, blockedBy: actor?.id ?? 'SYSTEM' },
+    });
     return { maintenance: true, seatId, reason };
   }
 
@@ -1035,6 +1057,13 @@ export class SeatsService {
     if (!seat) throw new NotFoundException('Seat not found');
     await this.prisma.seat.update({ where: { id: seatId }, data: { status: 'AVAILABLE' as any } });
     await this.prisma.seatBlock.deleteMany({ where: { seatId } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.STATUS_CHANGE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Seat,
+      entityId: seatId,
+      oldData: { status: seat.status, seatNumber: seat.seatNumber, coachId: seat.coachId },
+      newData: { status: 'AVAILABLE' },
+    });
     return { maintenance: false, seatId };
   }
 
@@ -1050,7 +1079,12 @@ export class SeatsService {
     });
 
     await this.renumberCoachSeats(seat.coachId);
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'DELETE', entityType: 'Seat', entityId: seatId, oldData: { seatNumber: seat.seatNumber, coachId: seat.coachId } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Seat,
+      entityId: seatId,
+      oldData: { seatNumber: seat.seatNumber, coachId: seat.coachId, status: seat.status },
+    });
     return { removed: true, seatId, originalSeatNumber: seat.seatNumber };
   }
 
@@ -1066,6 +1100,13 @@ export class SeatsService {
     await this.renumberCoachSeats(seat.coachId);
 
     const restored = await this.prisma.seat.findUnique({ where: { id: seatId } });
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.RESTORE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Seat,
+      entityId: seatId,
+      oldData: { seatNumber: seat.seatNumber, coachId: seat.coachId },
+      newData: { seatNumber: restored?.seatNumber, coachId: seat.coachId },
+    });
     return { restored: true, seatId, seatNumber: restored?.seatNumber };
   }
 
@@ -1641,6 +1682,24 @@ export class SeatsService {
       });
     }
 
+    // `results` carries contactPhone for the SMS step — the audit row keeps only the seat move
+    // itself, so a passenger's number never lands in a log retained for a year.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.BULK_UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Seat,
+      entityId: coachIds[0],
+      newData: {
+        coachIds,
+        resolved: results.length,
+        unresolved: unresolved.length,
+        moves: results.map((r) => ({
+          bookingRef: r.bookingRef,
+          oldSeatNumber: r.oldSeatNumber,
+          newSeatNumber: r.newSeatNumber,
+        })),
+      },
+    });
+
     return {
       resolved:          results.length,
       unresolved:        unresolved.length,
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/stations/stations.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/stations/stations.service.ts
index ff40a30ab..4d6d87273 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/stations/stations.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/stations/stations.service.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,23 @@
-import { Injectable, NotFoundException, Inject, Optional, BadRequestException } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { REQUEST } from '@nestjs/core';
+import { Injectable, NotFoundException, BadRequestException } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { PrismaService } from '../../common/prisma.service';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
+import { snapshot } from '../../common/audit-snapshot';
 import { CreateStationDto } from './stations.dto';
 import { DeleteOperationException } from '../../common/exceptions/delete-operation.exception';
 
+/** The station fields worth carrying into an audit row — identity, placement, and status. */
+const STATION_AUDIT_FIELDS = [
+  'code',
+  'name',
+  'city',
+  'countryCode',
+  'lat',
+  'lng',
+  'sequence',
+  'isOperational',
+] as const;
+
 interface StationFilters {
   search?: string;
   country?: string;
@@ -16,7 +29,6 @@ export class StationsService {
   constructor(
     private prisma: PrismaService,
     private auditService: AuditService,
-    @Optional() @Inject(REQUEST) private request?: any,
   ) {}
   
   findAll(filters: StationFilters = {}) {
@@ -61,11 +73,10 @@ export class StationsService {
     });
     
     await this.auditService.log({
-      userId: this.request?.user?.id,
-      action: 'CREATE',
-      entityType: 'Station',
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Station,
       entityId: station.id,
-      newData: station,
+      newData: snapshot(station, STATION_AUDIT_FIELDS),
     });
 
     return station;
@@ -85,12 +96,11 @@ export class StationsService {
     });
 
     await this.auditService.log({
-      userId: this.request?.user?.id,
-      action: 'UPDATE',
-      entityType: 'Station',
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Station,
       entityId: id,
-      oldData: oldStation,
-      newData: updatedStation,
+      oldData: snapshot(oldStation, STATION_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: snapshot(updatedStation, STATION_AUDIT_FIELDS),
     });
 
     return updatedStation;
@@ -139,11 +149,11 @@ export class StationsService {
     const deleted = await this.prisma.station.delete({ where: { id } });
 
     await this.auditService.log({
-      userId: this.request?.user?.id,
-      action: 'DELETE',
-      entityType: 'Station',
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.DELETE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Station,
       entityId: id,
-      oldData: station,
+      oldData: snapshot(station, STATION_AUDIT_FIELDS),
+      newData: { cascade },
     });
 
     return deleted;
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/boarding-audit.spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/boarding-audit.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e70b8d3ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/boarding-audit.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+import { TicketsService } from './tickets.service';
+
+/**
+ * "USER X boarded TICKET Y" has to be answerable from AuditLog alone.
+ *
+ * Before this, boarding wrote `action: 'VERIFY'` with no actor and no previous status, and the
+ * only name on the row was `validatorId` — a request-body field, so whoever scanned could put
+ * anyone's id in the trail. These pin: one row per boarding (not one per layer), the actor
+ * coming from the session, and the ticket's before/after status both being recorded.
+ */
+describe('TicketsService — boarding audit', () => {
+  const ACTOR = { id: 'iam-staff-1', name: 'Abebe Kebede', phone: '+251911223344' };
+  const TICKET_ID = 'ticket-1';
+  const BOOKING_ID = 'booking-1';
+  const BOOKING_REF = 'EDR-0001';
+
+  let prisma: Record<string, any>;
+  let audit: { log: jest.Mock };
+  let service: TicketsService;
+
+  const build = (
+    opts: {
+      bookingType?: string;
+      ticket?: Record<string, any>;
+      booking?: Record<string, any>;
+      approvedLegs?: string[];
+    } = {},
+  ) => {
+    const ticket = {
+      id: TICKET_ID,
+      bookingId: BOOKING_ID,
+      bookingRef: BOOKING_REF,
+      seatId: 'seat-9',
+      leg: 1,
+      status: 'ACTIVE',
+      validatedAt: null,
+      boardedAt: null,
+      ...opts.ticket,
+    };
+    // Departure an hour out, so scanAndBoard's boarding window is open.
+    const departureAt = new Date(Date.now() + 60 * 60 * 1000);
+    const booking = {
+      id: BOOKING_ID,
+      bookingRef: BOOKING_REF,
+      bookingType: opts.bookingType ?? 'ONE_WAY',
+      status: 'CONFIRMED',
+      originStationId: 'station-a',
+      destinationStationId: 'station-b',
+      outboundBoardedAt: null,
+      returnBoardedAt: null,
+      tickets: [ticket],
+      seats: [],
+      schedule: {
+        id: 'sched-1',
+        departureAt,
+        arrivalAt: new Date(departureAt.getTime() + 6 * 60 * 60 * 1000),
+        originStationId: 'station-a',
+        destinationStationId: 'station-b',
+        originStation: { id: 'station-a', name: 'Furi Labu' },
+        destinationStation: { id: 'station-b', name: 'Dire Dawa' },
+        train: { id: 'train-1', number: 'T1' },
+        stopTimes: [],
+      },
+      returnSchedule: null,
+      ...opts.booking,
+    };
+
+    prisma = {
+      ticket: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(ticket),
+        findFirst: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(ticket),
+        update: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(ticket),
+      },
+      booking: {
+        findUnique: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(booking),
+        update: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(booking),
+      },
+      gateValidationLog: {
+        create: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({}),
+        findMany: jest
+          .fn()
+          .mockResolvedValue((opts.approvedLegs ?? []).map((leg) => ({ leg, status: 'APPROVED' }))),
+      },
+    };
+    audit = { log: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined) };
+
+    // Constructor order: prisma, notifications, systemConfig, auditService, dataSource.
+    service = new TicketsService(
+      prisma as any,
+      { sendSms: jest.fn(), sendEmail: jest.fn() } as any,
+      { get: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(null), getNumber: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(4) } as any,
+      audit as any,
+      {} as any,
+    );
+    return { ticket, booking };
+  };
+
+  const rows = () => audit.log.mock.calls.map((c) => c[0]);
+  const boardRows = () => rows().filter((r) => r.action === 'BOARD');
+
+  describe('a successful one-way boarding', () => {
+    it('writes exactly one BOARD row', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.validate(BOOKING_REF, 'GATE-1', 'MOBILE-GATE', undefined, ACTOR);
+      expect(boardRows()).toHaveLength(1);
+    });
+
+    it('identifies the ticket and the booking it belongs to', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.validate(BOOKING_REF, 'GATE-1', 'MOBILE-GATE', undefined, ACTOR);
+
+      expect(boardRows()[0]).toMatchObject({
+        action: 'BOARD',
+        entityType: 'Ticket',
+        entityId: TICKET_ID,
+      });
+      expect(boardRows()[0].newData).toMatchObject({
+        bookingRef: BOOKING_REF,
+        bookingId: BOOKING_ID,
+        seatId: 'seat-9',
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('records the status the ticket moved from and to', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.validate(BOOKING_REF, 'GATE-1', undefined, undefined, ACTOR);
+
+      const row = boardRows()[0];
+      expect(row.oldData).toMatchObject({ status: 'ACTIVE', validatedAt: null });
+      expect(row.newData.status).toBe('USED');
+      expect(row.newData.boardedAt).toEqual(expect.any(String));
+    });
+
+    it('leaves the actor to AuditService rather than passing a client-supplied id', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.validate(BOOKING_REF, 'anyone-can-type-this', undefined, undefined, ACTOR);
+
+      // `userId` is never set at the call site — AuditService reads the guarded session, so the
+      // body value below can only ever appear as descriptive context.
+      expect(boardRows()[0].userId).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(boardRows()[0].newData.validatorId).toBe('anyone-can-type-this');
+    });
+
+    it('names the authenticated user on the gate log when no validatorId is sent', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.validate(BOOKING_REF, '', undefined, undefined, ACTOR);
+
+      // Previously fell straight through to the anonymous 'BACKOFFICE' literal.
+      expect(prisma.gateValidationLog.create.mock.calls[0][0].data.validatorId).toBe(ACTOR.id);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('scanAndBoard', () => {
+    it('produces one row, not one per layer', async () => {
+      build();
+      // scanAndBoard delegates to validate(); logging in both would double every boarding.
+      await service.scanAndBoard(BOOKING_REF, 'GATE-1', 'MOBILE-GATE', ACTOR);
+      expect(boardRows()).toHaveLength(1);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('a refused boarding', () => {
+    it('records BOARD_DENIED with the reason on a round-trip leg already used', async () => {
+      build({ bookingType: 'ROUND_TRIP', booking: { outboundBoardedAt: new Date() } });
+
+      await expect(
+        service.validate(BOOKING_REF, 'GATE-1', undefined, 'OUTBOUND', ACTOR),
+      ).rejects.toThrow();
+
+      const denied = rows().filter((r) => r.action === 'BOARD_DENIED');
+      expect(denied).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(denied[0]).toMatchObject({ entityType: 'Ticket', entityId: TICKET_ID });
+      expect(denied[0].newData).toMatchObject({
+        result: 'REJECTED',
+        reason: 'OUTBOUND_ALREADY_USED',
+        bookingRef: BOOKING_REF,
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('writes no BOARD row when the boarding was refused', async () => {
+      build({ bookingType: 'TRANSIT', approvedLegs: ['LEG1'] });
+
+      await expect(
+        service.validate(BOOKING_REF, 'GATE-1', undefined, 'LEG1', ACTOR),
+      ).rejects.toThrow();
+
+      expect(boardRows()).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('reads', () => {
+    it('writes nothing when simply fetching a ticket', async () => {
+      build();
+      await service.getByRef(BOOKING_REF).catch(() => undefined);
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('failed operations', () => {
+    it('records nothing when the booking does not exist', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.booking.findUnique.mockResolvedValue(null);
+
+      await expect(
+        service.validate(BOOKING_REF, 'GATE-1', undefined, undefined, ACTOR),
+      ).rejects.toThrow();
+      expect(audit.log).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('records nothing when the ticket write itself fails', async () => {
+      build();
+      prisma.ticket.update.mockRejectedValue(new Error('db down'));
+
+      await expect(
+        service.validate(BOOKING_REF, 'GATE-1', undefined, undefined, ACTOR),
+      ).rejects.toThrow();
+      expect(boardRows()).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('sensitive data', () => {
+    it('keeps the QR payload and passenger name off the row', async () => {
+      build({ ticket: { qrPayload: 'QR-SECRET', passengerName: 'Abebe Kebede' } });
+      await service.validate(BOOKING_REF, 'GATE-1', undefined, undefined, ACTOR);
+
+      const serialized = JSON.stringify(boardRows()[0]);
+      expect(serialized).not.toContain('QR-SECRET');
+      expect(serialized).not.toContain('Abebe Kebede');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/tickets.controller.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/tickets.controller.ts
index 3467706de..a835a3e67 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/tickets.controller.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/tickets.controller.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-import { Body, Controller, Get, Param, Post, Query, UseGuards, Delete, Patch, SetMetadata } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { Body, Controller, Get, Param, Post, Query, Req, UseGuards, Delete, Patch, SetMetadata } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { ApiTags, ApiOperation, ApiBearerAuth, ApiBody, ApiQuery } from '@nestjs/swagger';
 import { TicketsService } from './tickets.service';
 import { PassengerStaff, PassengerAdmin } from '../../common/passenger-guards';
 import { PASSENGER_PERMS } from '../../seed/passenger-permissions.registry';
+import { resolveActingUser } from '../../common/acting-user';
 
 @ApiTags('Tickets')
 @Controller('tickets')
@@ -135,10 +136,13 @@ export class TicketsController {
   })
   scanAndBoard(
     @Param('qrCodeOrRef') qrCodeOrRef: string,
+    @Req() req: any,
     @Body('validatorId') validatorId: string,
     @Body('gateId') gateId?: string,
   ) {
-    return this.service.scanAndBoard(qrCodeOrRef, validatorId, gateId);
+    // `validatorId` still labels the gate/agent on the gate log; who is accountable for the
+    // boarding comes from the JWT, which the body cannot influence.
+    return this.service.scanAndBoard(qrCodeOrRef, validatorId, gateId, resolveActingUser(req));
   }
 
   @Post(':bookingRef/validate')
@@ -165,11 +169,12 @@ export class TicketsController {
   })
   validate(
     @Param('bookingRef') ref: string,
+    @Req() req: any,
     @Body('validatorId') validatorId: string,
     @Body('gateId') gateId?: string,
     @Body('leg') leg?: string,
   ) {
-    return this.service.validate(ref, validatorId, gateId, leg);
+    return this.service.validate(ref, validatorId, gateId, leg, resolveActingUser(req));
   }
   
   @Get(':ticketId/validation-logs')
@@ -216,8 +221,8 @@ export class TicketsController {
       },
     },
   })
-  validateOfflineBatch(@Body() body: { validations: any[] }) {
-    return this.service.validateOfflineBatch(body.validations);
+  validateOfflineBatch(@Body() body: { validations: any[] }, @Req() req: any) {
+    return this.service.validateOfflineBatch(body.validations, resolveActingUser(req));
   }
 
   @Delete(':id')
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/tickets.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/tickets.service.ts
index 6a45eeb69..ae2d0e034 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/tickets.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/tickets/tickets.service.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import { PrismaService } from '../../common/prisma.service';
 import { NotificationsService } from '../notifications/notifications.service';
 import { SystemConfigService, CONFIG_KEYS } from '../system-config/system-config.service';
 import { AuditService } from '../../common/audit.service';
+import { AUDIT_ACTIONS, AUDIT_ENTITIES } from '../../common/audit.actions';
+import { ActingUser } from '../../common/acting-user';
 import { resolveBookingSegment } from '../../common/utils/segment-resolver.utils';
 import * as QRCode from 'qrcode';
 
@@ -289,12 +291,16 @@ export class TicketsService {
       reassigned.push({ seatNumber: bs.seat.seatNumber, newSeatNumber: candidate.seatNumber });
     }
 
-    await this.auditService.log({
-      action: 'UPDATE',
-      entityType: 'Booking',
-      entityId: bookingId,
-      newData: { smartReassigned: true, changes: reassigned },
-    });
+    // Only when a seat actually moved: this runs on every reassignment sweep, including from
+    // generateMissing()'s batch loop, and an empty `changes` row says nothing happened.
+    if (reassigned.length > 0) {
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.UPDATE,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Booking,
+        entityId: bookingId,
+        newData: { smartReassigned: true, changes: reassigned },
+      });
+    }
 
     return this.generate(bookingId);
   }
@@ -506,7 +512,15 @@ export class TicketsService {
       }).catch(() => null);
     }
 
-    await this.auditService.log({ action: 'CREATE', entityType: 'Ticket', entityId: booking.id, newData: { bookingRef: booking.bookingRef, totalTickets: tickets.length } });
+    // NOTE: entityId is the booking's id, not a ticket id — pre-existing and left as-is so
+    // historical rows stay queryable the same way. Ticket generation is outside this change's
+    // scope; see the audit-trail report.
+    await this.auditService.log({
+      action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.CREATE,
+      entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Ticket,
+      entityId: booking.id,
+      newData: { bookingRef: booking.bookingRef, totalTickets: tickets.length },
+    });
     return { tickets, totalTickets: tickets.length };
   }
 
@@ -587,7 +601,12 @@ export class TicketsService {
     };
   }
 
-  async scanAndBoard(qrCodeOrRef: string, validatorId: string, gateId?: string) {
+  async scanAndBoard(
+    qrCodeOrRef: string,
+    validatorId: string,
+    gateId?: string,
+    actor?: ActingUser | null,
+  ) {
     try {
       // Extract booking reference from QR code if it's JSON
       let bookingRef = qrCodeOrRef;
@@ -662,7 +681,7 @@ export class TicketsService {
       }
 
       // Use existing validation logic to handle round trips properly
-      const result = await this.validate(bookingRef, validatorId, gateId);
+      const result = await this.validate(bookingRef, validatorId, gateId, undefined, actor);
       if ((result as any).alreadyValidated) {
         return {
           success: false,
@@ -745,7 +764,21 @@ export class TicketsService {
     }
   }
 
-  async validate(ticketIdOrRef: string, validatorId: string, gateId?: string, leg?: string) {
+  /**
+   * Boards a ticket at the gate.
+   *
+   * `validatorId` is the gate/agent label the client sends and keeps its existing meaning on
+   * `Ticket.validatorId` and `GateValidationLog`. `actor` is the authenticated staff member from
+   * the request — it is what the audit trail attributes the boarding to, so a caller cannot board
+   * a passenger under someone else's name by editing the request body.
+   */
+  async validate(
+    ticketIdOrRef: string,
+    validatorId: string,
+    gateId?: string,
+    leg?: string,
+    actor?: ActingUser | null,
+  ) {
     // Accept either a ticket UUID or a bookingRef
     let bookingRef = ticketIdOrRef;
     const isUuid = /^[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}$/i.test(ticketIdOrRef);
@@ -754,7 +787,9 @@ export class TicketsService {
       if (!ticket) throw new NotFoundException('Ticket not found');
       bookingRef = ticket.bookingRef;
     }
-    const resolvedValidatorId = validatorId || 'BACKOFFICE';
+    // Falls back to the authenticated user before the anonymous 'BACKOFFICE' literal, so an
+    // omitted validatorId still names a real person on the gate log.
+    const resolvedValidatorId = validatorId || actor?.id || 'BACKOFFICE';
     const booking = await this.prisma.booking.findUnique({ where: { bookingRef } });
     if (!booking) throw new NotFoundException('Booking not found');
     const ticket = await this.prisma.ticket.findFirst({ where: { bookingId: booking.id } });
@@ -763,6 +798,14 @@ export class TicketsService {
     const type = booking.bookingType;
     const now = new Date();
 
+    // Snapshotted before any branch mutates the rows, so every audit row below can report the
+    // status the ticket actually moved away from.
+    const previousTicketStatus = ticket.status;
+    const previousValidatedAt = ticket.validatedAt?.toISOString() ?? null;
+    const previousOutboundBoardedAt =
+      (booking as any).outboundBoardedAt?.toISOString() ?? null;
+    const previousReturnBoardedAt = (booking as any).returnBoardedAt?.toISOString() ?? null;
+
     const markTicketUsed = async () => {
       if (ticket.status !== 'USED') {
         await this.prisma.ticket.update({ where: { id: ticket.id }, data: { status: 'USED' } });
@@ -782,7 +825,24 @@ export class TicketsService {
       });
       await this.prisma.gateValidationLog.create({ data: { ticketId: ticket.id, validatorId: resolvedValidatorId, gateId, status: 'APPROVED' } });
       this.fireBoardingPassNotification(booking, ticket, null);
-      await this.auditService.log({ action: 'VERIFY', entityType: 'Ticket', entityId: ticket.id, newData: { bookingRef, validatorId: resolvedValidatorId, leg: 'ONE_WAY' } });
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.BOARD,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Ticket,
+        entityId: ticket.id,
+        oldData: { status: ticket.status, validatedAt: null, boardedAt: null },
+        newData: {
+          status: 'USED',
+          validatedAt: now.toISOString(),
+          boardedAt: now.toISOString(),
+          leg: 'ONE_WAY',
+          bookingRef,
+          bookingId: booking.id,
+          seatId: ticket.seatId,
+          ticketLeg: ticket.leg,
+          gateId,
+          validatorId: resolvedValidatorId,
+        },
+      });
       return { validated: true, ticketId: ticket.id, validatedAt: now };
     }
 
@@ -797,6 +857,23 @@ export class TicketsService {
       if (alreadyValidated) {
         await this.prisma.gateValidationLog.create({ data: { ticketId: ticket.id, validatorId: resolvedValidatorId, gateId, leg: resolvedLeg, status: 'REJECTED', reason: `${resolvedLeg}_ALREADY_USED` } as any });
         await markTicketUsed();
+        // A refused boarding is exactly the attempt an investigator wants attributed; the gate
+        // log records it but carries no IAM actor, IP, or user-agent.
+        await this.auditService.log({
+          action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.BOARD_DENIED,
+          entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Ticket,
+          entityId: ticket.id,
+          oldData: { status: ticket.status, validatedAt: ticket.validatedAt?.toISOString() ?? null },
+          newData: {
+            result: 'REJECTED',
+            reason: `${resolvedLeg}_ALREADY_USED`,
+            leg: resolvedLeg,
+            bookingRef,
+            bookingId: booking.id,
+            gateId,
+            validatorId: resolvedValidatorId,
+          },
+        });
         throw new BadRequestException(`${resolvedLeg} already validated`);
       }
       const validatedAt = ticket.validatedAt ?? now;
@@ -810,7 +887,24 @@ export class TicketsService {
       }
       await this.prisma.gateValidationLog.create({ data: { ticketId: ticket.id, validatorId: resolvedValidatorId, gateId, leg: resolvedLeg, status: 'APPROVED' } as any });
       this.fireBoardingPassNotification(booking, ticket, resolvedLeg);
-      await this.auditService.log({ action: 'VERIFY', entityType: 'Ticket', entityId: ticket.id, newData: { bookingRef, validatorId: resolvedValidatorId, leg: resolvedLeg } });
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.BOARD,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Ticket,
+        entityId: ticket.id,
+        oldData: { status: previousTicketStatus, validatedAt: previousValidatedAt },
+        newData: {
+          status: 'USED',
+          validatedAt: validatedAt.toISOString(),
+          boardedAt: now.toISOString(),
+          leg: resolvedLeg,
+          bookingRef,
+          bookingId: booking.id,
+          seatId: ticket.seatId,
+          ticketLeg: ticket.leg,
+          gateId,
+          validatorId: resolvedValidatorId,
+        },
+      });
       return { validated: true, ticketId: ticket.id, leg: resolvedLeg, validatedAt };
     }
 
@@ -826,6 +920,21 @@ export class TicketsService {
         if ((booking as any).outboundBoardedAt) {
           await this.prisma.gateValidationLog.create({ data: { ticketId: ticket.id, validatorId: resolvedValidatorId, gateId, leg: resolvedLeg, status: 'REJECTED', reason: 'OUTBOUND_ALREADY_USED' } as any });
           await markTicketUsed();
+          await this.auditService.log({
+            action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.BOARD_DENIED,
+            entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Ticket,
+            entityId: ticket.id,
+            oldData: { status: previousTicketStatus, validatedAt: previousValidatedAt },
+            newData: {
+              result: 'REJECTED',
+              reason: 'OUTBOUND_ALREADY_USED',
+              leg: resolvedLeg,
+              bookingRef,
+              bookingId: booking.id,
+              gateId,
+              validatorId: resolvedValidatorId,
+            },
+          });
           throw new BadRequestException('Outbound leg already validated');
         }
         bookingData.outboundBoardedAt = now;
@@ -833,6 +942,21 @@ export class TicketsService {
         if ((booking as any).returnBoardedAt) {
           await this.prisma.gateValidationLog.create({ data: { ticketId: ticket.id, validatorId: resolvedValidatorId, gateId, leg: resolvedLeg, status: 'REJECTED', reason: 'RETURN_ALREADY_USED' } as any });
           await markTicketUsed();
+          await this.auditService.log({
+            action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.BOARD_DENIED,
+            entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Ticket,
+            entityId: ticket.id,
+            oldData: { status: previousTicketStatus, validatedAt: previousValidatedAt },
+            newData: {
+              result: 'REJECTED',
+              reason: 'RETURN_ALREADY_USED',
+              leg: resolvedLeg,
+              bookingRef,
+              bookingId: booking.id,
+              gateId,
+              validatorId: resolvedValidatorId,
+            },
+          });
           throw new BadRequestException('Return leg already validated');
         }
         bookingData.returnBoardedAt = now;
@@ -852,7 +976,29 @@ export class TicketsService {
       }
       await this.prisma.gateValidationLog.create({ data: { ticketId: ticket.id, validatorId: resolvedValidatorId, gateId, leg: resolvedLeg, status: 'APPROVED' } as any });
       this.fireBoardingPassNotification(booking, ticket, resolvedLeg);
-      await this.auditService.log({ action: 'VERIFY', entityType: 'Ticket', entityId: ticket.id, newData: { bookingRef, validatorId: resolvedValidatorId, leg: resolvedLeg } });
+      await this.auditService.log({
+        action: AUDIT_ACTIONS.BOARD,
+        entityType: AUDIT_ENTITIES.Ticket,
+        entityId: ticket.id,
+        oldData: {
+          status: previousTicketStatus,
+          validatedAt: previousValidatedAt,
+          outboundBoardedAt: previousOutboundBoardedAt,
+          returnBoardedAt: previousReturnBoardedAt,
+        },
+        newData: {
+          status: 'USED',
+          validatedAt: validatedAt.toISOString(),
+          boardedAt: now.toISOString(),
+          leg: resolvedLeg,
+          bookingRef,
+          bookingId: booking.id,
+          seatId: ticket.seatId,
+          ticketLeg: ticket.leg,
+          gateId,
+          validatorId: resolvedValidatorId,
+        },
+      });
       return { validated: true, ticketId: ticket.id, leg: resolvedLeg, validatedAt };
     }
 
@@ -894,7 +1040,7 @@ export class TicketsService {
     }));
   }
 
-  async validateOfflineBatch(validations: OfflineValidation[]) {
+  async validateOfflineBatch(validations: OfflineValidation[], actor?: ActingUser | null) {
     const results = [];
     
     for (const validation of validations) {
@@ -903,7 +1049,8 @@ export class TicketsService {
           validation.bookingRef,
           validation.validatorId,
           validation.gateId,
-          validation.leg
+          validation.leg,
+          actor,
         );
         results.push({ 
           bookingRef: validation.bookingRef, 
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/verifayda/verifayda.dto.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/verifayda/verifayda.dto.ts
index 26108a452..901118389 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/verifayda/verifayda.dto.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/verifayda/verifayda.dto.ts
@@ -57,6 +57,14 @@ export class CompleteVerificationResultDto {
     agentId?: string;
   };
 
+  @ApiPropertyOptional({
+    description:
+      'eSignet subject identifier for the verified individual (VERIFY flow). A PSUT — ' +
+      'pairwise and stable per client_id, never the FIN. The booking flow compares it across ' +
+      'passengers so one Fayda identity cannot verify more than one passenger on a booking.',
+  })
+  faydaSub?: string;
+
   @ApiPropertyOptional({ description: 'Verified full name from Fayda (VERIFY flow).' })
   fullName?: string;
 
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/verifayda/verifayda.service.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/verifayda/verifayda.service.ts
index df6cfc21d..42376d4a1 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/verifayda/verifayda.service.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/src/modules/verifayda/verifayda.service.ts
@@ -70,11 +70,19 @@ export interface FaydaUserSummary {
 /**
  * Result of completing a verification. `verified` is always true on success.
  * LOGIN additionally returns a JWT + user; VERIFY returns the verified identity
- * attributes (name, email, phone, dob, gender) for the caller to consume.
+ * attributes (name, email, phone, dob, gender, faydaSub) for the caller to consume.
  */
 export interface CompleteVerificationResult {
   purpose: VerifaydaPurpose;
   verified: boolean;
+  /**
+   * eSignet subject identifier for the verified individual. This is a PSUT —
+   * pairwise and stable per `client_id`, never the FIN — so it is safe to hand
+   * to the browser, and it is the same value `/passengers/me` already returns.
+   * The booking flow uses it to stop one Fayda identity from verifying more
+   * than one passenger on the same booking.
+   */
+  faydaSub?: string;
   token?: string;
   refreshToken?: string;
   requiresPassword?: boolean;
@@ -280,6 +288,7 @@ export class VerifaydaService {
         result = {
           purpose: 'VERIFY',
           verified: true,
+          faydaSub: normalized.sub,
           fullName: normalized.fullName,
           email: normalized.email,
           phoneNumber: normalized.phoneNumber,
@@ -357,6 +366,13 @@ export class VerifaydaService {
       code_challenge_method: 'S256',
       acr_values: this.faydaConfig.acrValues,
       claims_locales: this.faydaConfig.claimsLocales,
+      // Force a fresh authentication instead of silently reusing the eSignet
+      // SSO session. A booking can carry several passengers, each of whom must
+      // verify with their OWN Fayda; without this, the second and third
+      // "Verify with Fayda" clicks round-trip in a couple of seconds and hand
+      // back the first passenger's identity, which the booking flow then has to
+      // reject with no way for the user to authenticate as the right person.
+      prompt: 'login',
     });
 
     // Every claim is marked essential so eSignet shows them locked/pre-checked
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-api/test/money-integrity.e2e-spec.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-api/test/money-integrity.e2e-spec.ts
index dace45843..91b0a4f2f 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-api/test/money-integrity.e2e-spec.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-api/test/money-integrity.e2e-spec.ts
@@ -130,11 +130,12 @@ describe("Money integrity (Tier-2 direct instantiation)", () => {
 
     const service = new ExcessBaggageService(
       prisma as any,
-      asyncStub(),
-      asyncStub(),
-      asyncStub(),
-      asyncStub(),
-      asyncStub(),
+      asyncStub(), // auditService
+      asyncStub(), // currencyService
+      asyncStub(), // paymentClient
+      asyncStub(), // notifications
+      asyncStub(), // smsClient
+      asyncStub(), // emailClient
     );
 
     const charge: any = await service.logCharge({
@@ -174,6 +175,7 @@ describe("Money integrity (Tier-2 direct instantiation)", () => {
     const service = new ExcessBaggageService(
       prisma as any,
       asyncStub(), // auditService
+      asyncStub(), // currencyService
       asyncStub(), // paymentClient
       asyncStub(), // notifications
       asyncStub(), // smsClient
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/audit/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/audit/page.tsx
index fa4b58966..0cc0bbe5e 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/audit/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/audit/page.tsx
@@ -1,58 +1,110 @@
 'use client';
 
-import { useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';
-import { Eye, Download } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Eye, Download, ChevronLeft, ChevronRight } from 'lucide-react';
 import DataTable from '@/components/ui/DataTable';
 import Badge from '@/components/ui/Badge';
 import { auditApi } from '@/lib/api';
 import { formatDateTime } from '@/lib/utils';
 import Modal from '@/components/ui/Modal';
 import ActionButton from '@/components/ui/ActionButton';
+import { PermissionGuard } from '@/components/layout/PermissionGuard';
+import { PERMS } from '@/lib/permissions';
+import type { AuditLog } from '@/types/edr';
 
-export default function AuditLogsPage() {
-  const [filters, setFilters] = useState({ search: '', action: '', entityType: '' });
+const PAGE_SIZE = 50;
+
+/** Fallbacks used until GET /audit/vocabulary answers, and if it ever fails. */
+const FALLBACK_ACTIONS = ['CREATE', 'UPDATE', 'DELETE', 'STATUS_CHANGE', 'CANCEL', 'BOARD'];
+const FALLBACK_ENTITY_TYPES = ['Station', 'Train', 'Coach', 'Seat', 'Route', 'Schedule', 'Ticket'];
+
+/** Actions that read as destructive/irreversible, for colouring only. */
+const DESTRUCTIVE_ACTIONS = new Set(['DELETE', 'CANCEL', 'BOARD_DENIED']);
+const CREATIVE_ACTIONS = new Set(['CREATE', 'BULK_CREATE', 'RESTORE', 'BOARD', 'PAY']);
+
+function actionVariant(action: string) {
+  if (CREATIVE_ACTIONS.has(action)) return 'success';
+  if (DESTRUCTIVE_ACTIONS.has(action)) return 'danger';
+  if (action === 'LOGIN' || action === 'LOGOUT') return 'info';
+  return 'primary';
+}
+
+function AuditLogsPageContent() {
+  const [filters, setFilters] = useState({
+    search: '',
+    action: '',
+    entityType: '',
+    from: '',
+    to: '',
+  });
+  const [page, setPage] = useState(0);
   const [selectedLog, setSelectedLog] = useState<any>(null);
   const [showDetailsModal, setShowDetailsModal] = useState(false);
+  const [exporting, setExporting] = useState(false);
+
+  // Any filter change invalidates the current offset.
+  useEffect(() => setPage(0), [filters]);
+
+  const query = { ...filters, limit: PAGE_SIZE, offset: page * PAGE_SIZE };
 
   const { data, isLoading } = useQuery({
-    queryKey: ['audit-logs', filters],
-    queryFn: () => auditApi.getLogs(filters),
-    refetchInterval: 30000, // Refetch every 30 seconds
+    queryKey: ['audit-logs', query],
+    queryFn: () => auditApi.getLogs(query),
+    refetchInterval: 30000,
   });
 
-  const getActionBadgeColor = (action: string) => {
-    switch (action) {
-      case 'CREATE':
-        return 'success';
-      case 'UPDATE':
-        return 'primary';
-      case 'DELETE':
-        return 'danger';
-      case 'LOGIN':
-        return 'info';
-      case 'LOGOUT':
-        return 'secondary';
-      default:
-        return 'secondary';
+  const { data: vocabulary } = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['audit-vocabulary'],
+    queryFn: () => auditApi.getVocabulary(),
+    staleTime: Infinity,
+  });
+
+  // Per-action tallies come from the API's own `total` under the same filters, not from the
+  // rows on screen — counting the current page made "Total Logs" cap out at the page size.
+  // limit: 1 keeps these to a COUNT plus a single row.
+  const creates = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['audit-count', 'CREATE', filters],
+    queryFn: () => auditApi.getLogs({ ...filters, action: 'CREATE', limit: 1, offset: 0 }),
+    refetchInterval: 60000,
+  });
+  const updates = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['audit-count', 'UPDATE', filters],
+    queryFn: () => auditApi.getLogs({ ...filters, action: 'UPDATE', limit: 1, offset: 0 }),
+    refetchInterval: 60000,
+  });
+  const deletes = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['audit-count', 'DELETE', filters],
+    queryFn: () => auditApi.getLogs({ ...filters, action: 'DELETE', limit: 1, offset: 0 }),
+    refetchInterval: 60000,
+  });
+
+  const logs: AuditLog[] = Array.isArray(data?.items) ? data.items : [];
+  const total: number = typeof data?.total === 'number' ? data.total : logs.length;
+  const pageCount = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(total / PAGE_SIZE));
+
+  const actionOptions: string[] = vocabulary?.actions ?? FALLBACK_ACTIONS;
+  const entityTypeOptions: string[] = vocabulary?.entityTypes ?? FALLBACK_ENTITY_TYPES;
+
+  const formatJsonData = (value: any) => {
+    if (!value) return 'N/A';
+    try {
+      return JSON.stringify(value, null, 2);
+    } catch {
+      return String(value);
     }
   };
 
-  const formatJsonData = (data: any) => {
-    if (!data) return 'N/A';
-    try {
-      return JSON.stringify(data, null, 2);
-    } catch {
-      return String(data);
-    }
-  };
+  /** Who acted, falling back through the identity the API actually returns. */
+  const actorName = (log: AuditLog) => log.userName || 'System';
+  const actorDetail = (log: AuditLog) => log.userPhone || log.iamUserId || 'N/A';
 
   const columns = [
     {
       key: 'createdAt',
       label: 'Timestamp',
       sortable: true,
-      render: (log: any) => (
+      render: (log: AuditLog) => (
         <div className="text-sm">
           <div className="font-medium">{formatDateTime(log.createdAt)}</div>
           <div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{new Date(log.createdAt).toLocaleTimeString()}</div>
@@ -63,17 +115,13 @@ export default function AuditLogsPage() {
       key: 'action',
       label: 'Action',
       sortable: true,
-      render: (log: any) => (
-        <Badge className={getActionBadgeColor(log.action)}>
-          {log.action}
-        </Badge>
-      ),
+      render: (log: AuditLog) => <Badge className={actionVariant(log.action)}>{log.action}</Badge>,
     },
     {
       key: 'entityType',
       label: 'Entity Type',
       sortable: true,
-      render: (log: any) => (
+      render: (log: AuditLog) => (
         <span className="px-2 py-1 bg-gray-100 dark:bg-gray-700 rounded text-xs font-medium">
           {log.entityType}
         </span>
@@ -82,29 +130,27 @@ export default function AuditLogsPage() {
     {
       key: 'entityId',
       label: 'Entity ID',
-      render: (log: any) => (
+      render: (log: AuditLog) => (
         <span className="font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          {log.entityId ? log.entityId.substring(0, 12) : 'System'}
+          {log.entityId ? log.entityId.substring(0, 12) : '—'}
         </span>
       ),
     },
     {
       key: 'user',
       label: 'User',
-      render: (log: any) => (
+      render: (log: AuditLog) => (
         <div>
-          <div className="font-medium text-sm">{log.user?.fullName || 'System'}</div>
-          <div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{log.user?.email || log.userId || 'N/A'}</div>
+          <div className="font-medium text-sm">{actorName(log)}</div>
+          <div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground font-mono">{actorDetail(log)}</div>
         </div>
       ),
     },
     {
       key: 'ipAddress',
       label: 'IP Address',
-      render: (log: any) => (
-        <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground font-mono">
-          {log.ipAddress || 'N/A'}
-        </span>
+      render: (log: AuditLog) => (
+        <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground font-mono">{log.ipAddress || 'N/A'}</span>
       ),
     },
   ];
@@ -112,7 +158,7 @@ export default function AuditLogsPage() {
   const actions = [
     {
       label: 'View Details',
-      onClick: (log: any) => {
+      onClick: (log: AuditLog) => {
         setSelectedLog(log);
         setShowDetailsModal(true);
       },
@@ -121,12 +167,60 @@ export default function AuditLogsPage() {
     },
   ];
 
-  const logs: any[] = Array.isArray(data?.items) ? data.items : [];
-  const stats = {
-    total: logs.length,
-    creates: logs.filter((l: any) => l.action === 'CREATE').length,
-    updates: logs.filter((l: any) => l.action === 'UPDATE').length,
-    deletes: logs.filter((l: any) => l.action === 'DELETE').length,
+  /**
+   * Exports every row matching the current filters, not just the page on screen — pulled in
+   * API-sized batches so a year of logs doesn't arrive as one request.
+   */
+  const exportCsv = async () => {
+    setExporting(true);
+    try {
+      const batch = 200;
+      const rows: AuditLog[] = [];
+      for (let offset = 0; offset < total; offset += batch) {
+        const chunk = await auditApi.getLogs({ ...filters, limit: batch, offset });
+        const items: AuditLog[] = Array.isArray(chunk?.items) ? chunk.items : [];
+        if (!items.length) break;
+        rows.push(...items);
+      }
+      if (!rows.length) return;
+
+      const headers = [
+        'Timestamp',
+        'Action',
+        'Entity Type',
+        'Entity ID',
+        'User Name',
+        'User Phone',
+        'User ID',
+        'IP Address',
+        'Old Data',
+        'New Data',
+      ];
+      const body = rows.map((l) => [
+        formatDateTime(l.createdAt),
+        l.action,
+        l.entityType,
+        l.entityId || '',
+        l.userName || '',
+        l.userPhone || '',
+        l.iamUserId || '',
+        l.ipAddress || '',
+        l.oldData ? JSON.stringify(l.oldData) : '',
+        l.newData ? JSON.stringify(l.newData) : '',
+      ]);
+      const csv = [headers, ...body]
+        .map((r) => r.map((v) => `"${String(v).replace(/"/g, '""')}"`).join(','))
+        .join('\n');
+      const blob = new Blob([csv], { type: 'text/csv' });
+      const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
+      const a = document.createElement('a');
+      a.href = url;
+      a.download = `audit-logs-${new Date().toISOString().split('T')[0]}.csv`;
+      a.click();
+      URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
+    } finally {
+      setExporting(false);
+    }
   };
 
   return (
@@ -136,63 +230,39 @@ export default function AuditLogsPage() {
           <h1 className="text-3xl font-bold text-foreground">Audit Logs</h1>
           <p className="text-muted-foreground mt-1">Track all system activities and changes</p>
         </div>
-        <ActionButton
-          icon={Download}
-          variant="secondary"
-          onClick={() => {
-            const items: any[] = Array.isArray(data?.items) ? data!.items : [];
-            if (!items.length) return;
-            const headers = ['Timestamp', 'Action', 'Entity Type', 'Entity ID', 'User ID', 'IP Address'];
-            const rows = items.map((l: any) => [
-              formatDateTime(l.createdAt),
-              l.action,
-              l.entityType,
-              l.entityId || '',
-              l.iamUserId || l.userId || '',
-              l.ipAddress || '',
-            ]);
-            const csv = [headers, ...rows].map(r => r.map((v: string) => `"${String(v).replace(/"/g, '""')}"`).join(',')).join('\n');
-            const blob = new Blob([csv], { type: 'text/csv' });
-            const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
-            const a = document.createElement('a');
-            a.href = url;
-            a.download = `audit-logs-${new Date().toISOString().split('T')[0]}.csv`;
-            a.click();
-            URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
-          }}
-        >
-          Export CSV
+        <ActionButton icon={Download} variant="secondary" onClick={exportCsv} disabled={exporting || !total}>
+          {exporting ? 'Exporting…' : 'Export CSV'}
         </ActionButton>
       </div>
 
-      {/* Stats Cards */}
+      {/* Stats — counts come from the API under the active filters, not the visible page */}
       <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-4 gap-4">
         <div className="card">
           <div className="text-muted-foreground text-sm font-medium">Total Logs</div>
-          <div className="text-2xl font-bold mt-2">{stats.total}</div>
+          <div className="text-2xl font-bold mt-2">{total}</div>
         </div>
         <div className="card">
           <div className="text-green-600 text-sm font-medium">Created</div>
-          <div className="text-2xl font-bold mt-2">{stats.creates}</div>
+          <div className="text-2xl font-bold mt-2">{creates.data?.total ?? '—'}</div>
         </div>
         <div className="card">
           <div className="text-blue-600 text-sm font-medium">Updated</div>
-          <div className="text-2xl font-bold mt-2">{stats.updates}</div>
+          <div className="text-2xl font-bold mt-2">{updates.data?.total ?? '—'}</div>
         </div>
         <div className="card">
           <div className="text-red-600 text-sm font-medium">Deleted</div>
-          <div className="text-2xl font-bold mt-2">{stats.deletes}</div>
+          <div className="text-2xl font-bold mt-2">{deletes.data?.total ?? '—'}</div>
         </div>
       </div>
 
       {/* Filters */}
       <div className="card">
-        <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-4 gap-4">
-          <div>
-            <label className="label">Search (User/Entity ID)</label>
+        <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-3 lg:grid-cols-6 gap-4">
+          <div className="lg:col-span-2">
+            <label className="label">Search (User / Entity ID)</label>
             <input
               type="text"
-              placeholder="Search logs..."
+              placeholder="Name, phone, user ID, entity ID…"
               className="input"
               value={filters.search}
               onChange={(e) => setFilters({ ...filters, search: e.target.value })}
@@ -206,11 +276,11 @@ export default function AuditLogsPage() {
               onChange={(e) => setFilters({ ...filters, action: e.target.value })}
             >
               <option value="">All Actions</option>
-              <option value="CREATE">Create</option>
-              <option value="UPDATE">Update</option>
-              <option value="DELETE">Delete</option>
-              <option value="LOGIN">Login</option>
-              <option value="LOGOUT">Logout</option>
+              {actionOptions.map((a) => (
+                <option key={a} value={a}>
+                  {a}
+                </option>
+              ))}
             </select>
           </div>
           <div>
@@ -221,55 +291,42 @@ export default function AuditLogsPage() {
               onChange={(e) => setFilters({ ...filters, entityType: e.target.value })}
             >
               <option value="">All Types</option>
-              <optgroup label="Master Data">
-                <option value="Station">Station</option>
-                <option value="Route">Route</option>
-                <option value="RouteStop">Route Stop</option>
-                <option value="Train">Train</option>
-                <option value="TrainSchedule">Train Schedule</option>
-                <option value="Coach">Coach</option>
-                <option value="CoachType">Coach Type</option>
-                <option value="SeatClass">Seat Class</option>
-                <option value="FareRule">Fare Rule</option>
-                <option value="RouteFareRule">Route Fare Rule</option>
-                <option value="SegmentFareRule">Segment Fare Rule</option>
-                <option value="BaggageAllowance">Baggage Allowance</option>
-              </optgroup>
-              <optgroup label="Operations">
-                <option value="Booking">Booking</option>
-                <option value="Payment">Payment</option>
-                <option value="Ticket">Ticket</option>
-                <option value="Seat">Seat</option>
-                <option value="SeatBlock">Seat Block</option>
-              </optgroup>
-              <optgroup label="Users & Access">
-                <option value="User">User</option>
-                <option value="Agent">Agent</option>
-                <option value="Passenger">Passenger</option>
-              </optgroup>
-              <optgroup label="System & Features">
-                <option value="Notification">Notification</option>
-                <option value="Promotion">Promotion</option>
-                <option value="Loyalty">Loyalty</option>
-                <option value="Wallet">Wallet</option>
-                <option value="FraudAlert">Fraud Alert</option>
-                <option value="FraudRule">Fraud Rule</option>
-              </optgroup>
+              {entityTypeOptions.map((t) => (
+                <option key={t} value={t}>
+                  {t}
+                </option>
+              ))}
             </select>
           </div>
-          <div className="flex items-end">
-            <ActionButton
-              variant="secondary"
-              onClick={() => setFilters({ search: '', action: '', entityType: '' })}
-              className="w-full"
-            >
-              Clear Filters
-            </ActionButton>
+          <div>
+            <label className="label">From</label>
+            <input
+              type="date"
+              className="input"
+              value={filters.from}
+              onChange={(e) => setFilters({ ...filters, from: e.target.value })}
+            />
           </div>
+          <div>
+            <label className="label">To</label>
+            <input
+              type="date"
+              className="input"
+              value={filters.to}
+              onChange={(e) => setFilters({ ...filters, to: e.target.value })}
+            />
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <div className="mt-4 flex justify-end">
+          <ActionButton
+            variant="secondary"
+            onClick={() => setFilters({ search: '', action: '', entityType: '', from: '', to: '' })}
+          >
+            Clear Filters
+          </ActionButton>
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      {/* Data Table */}
       <DataTable
         data={logs}
         columns={columns}
@@ -278,136 +335,205 @@ export default function AuditLogsPage() {
         emptyMessage="No audit logs found"
       />
 
+      {/* Pagination */}
+      <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
+        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+          {total === 0
+            ? 'No results'
+            : `Showing ${page * PAGE_SIZE + 1}–${Math.min((page + 1) * PAGE_SIZE, total)} of ${total}`}
+        </p>
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+          <ActionButton
+            variant="secondary"
+            icon={ChevronLeft}
+            disabled={page === 0}
+            onClick={() => setPage((p) => Math.max(0, p - 1))}
+          >
+            Previous
+          </ActionButton>
+          <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground px-2">
+            Page {page + 1} of {pageCount}
+          </span>
+          <ActionButton
+            variant="secondary"
+            icon={ChevronRight}
+            disabled={page + 1 >= pageCount}
+            onClick={() => setPage((p) => p + 1)}
+          >
+            Next
+          </ActionButton>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
       {/* Details Modal */}
       <Modal
         isOpen={showDetailsModal}
-        onClose={() => { setShowDetailsModal(false); setSelectedLog(null); }}
+        onClose={() => {
+          setShowDetailsModal(false);
+          setSelectedLog(null);
+        }}
         title="Audit Log Details"
         size="xl"
       >
-        {selectedLog && (() => {
-          const l = selectedLog;
-          const actionColor: Record<string, string> = {
-            CREATE: 'from-emerald-600 to-emerald-700',
-            UPDATE: 'from-blue-600 to-blue-700',
-            DELETE: 'from-red-600 to-red-700',
-            LOGIN:  'from-violet-600 to-violet-700',
-            LOGOUT: 'from-gray-600 to-gray-700',
-          };
-          const gradient = actionColor[l.action] || 'from-gray-600 to-gray-700';
+        {selectedLog &&
+          (() => {
+            const l: AuditLog = selectedLog;
+            const gradient = CREATIVE_ACTIONS.has(l.action)
+              ? 'from-emerald-600 to-emerald-700'
+              : DESTRUCTIVE_ACTIONS.has(l.action)
+                ? 'from-red-600 to-red-700'
+                : 'from-blue-600 to-blue-700';
 
-          const Field = ({ label, value, mono = false, truncate = false }: { label: string; value: string; mono?: boolean; truncate?: boolean }) => (
-            <div className="bg-muted/40 rounded-lg p-3">
-              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-1">{label}</p>
-              <p className={`text-sm font-semibold text-foreground${mono ? ' font-mono' : ''}${truncate ? ' truncate' : ''}`} title={value}>{value || '—'}</p>
-            </div>
-          );
-
-          const SectionHeader = ({ title }: { title: string }) => (
-            <h3 className="text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground mb-3 flex items-center gap-2">
-              <span className="w-4 h-px bg-muted-foreground/40 inline-block" />{title}
-            </h3>
-          );
-
-          return (
-            <div>
-              <div className={`-mx-6 -mt-4 mb-6 px-6 py-5 bg-gradient-to-r ${gradient} rounded-t-lg`}>
-                <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-4">
-                  <div>
-                    <p className="text-white/70 text-xs font-semibold uppercase tracking-widest mb-1">Action</p>
-                    <p className="text-white text-2xl font-bold">{l.action}</p>
-                  </div>
-                  <div className="text-right shrink-0">
-                    <span className="inline-block bg-white/20 text-white text-xs font-mono px-3 py-1 rounded-full">{l.entityType}</span>
-                    <p className="text-white/70 text-xs mt-2">{formatDateTime(l.createdAt)}</p>
-                  </div>
-                </div>
-                <div className="mt-4 grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
-                  <div className="bg-white/10 rounded-lg px-3 py-2">
-                    <p className="text-white/70 text-xs">User</p>
-                    <p className="text-white text-sm font-bold truncate">{l.user?.fullName || 'System'}</p>
-                  </div>
-                  <div className="bg-white/10 rounded-lg px-3 py-2">
-                    <p className="text-white/70 text-xs">IP Address</p>
-                    <p className="text-white text-sm font-mono font-bold">{l.ipAddress || 'N/A'}</p>
-                  </div>
-                </div>
+            const Field = ({
+              label,
+              value,
+              mono = false,
+              truncate = false,
+            }: {
+              label: string;
+              value?: string;
+              mono?: boolean;
+              truncate?: boolean;
+            }) => (
+              <div className="bg-muted/40 rounded-lg p-3">
+                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-1">{label}</p>
+                <p
+                  className={`text-sm font-semibold text-foreground${mono ? ' font-mono' : ''}${truncate ? ' truncate' : ''}`}
+                  title={value}
+                >
+                  {value || '—'}
+                </p>
               </div>
+            );
 
-              <div className="space-y-6">
-                <section>
-                  <SectionHeader title="Event Details" />
-                  <div className="grid grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-4 gap-3">
-                    <Field label="Action" value={l.action} />
-                    <Field label="Entity Type" value={l.entityType} mono />
-                    <Field label="Entity ID" value={l.entityId || 'System'} mono truncate />
-                    <Field label="Timestamp" value={formatDateTime(l.createdAt)} />
+            const SectionHeader = ({ title }: { title: string }) => (
+              <h3 className="text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground mb-3 flex items-center gap-2">
+                <span className="w-4 h-px bg-muted-foreground/40 inline-block" />
+                {title}
+              </h3>
+            );
+
+            return (
+              <div>
+                <div className={`-mx-6 -mt-4 mb-6 px-6 py-5 bg-gradient-to-r ${gradient} rounded-t-lg`}>
+                  <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-4">
+                    <div>
+                      <p className="text-white/70 text-xs font-semibold uppercase tracking-widest mb-1">Action</p>
+                      <p className="text-white text-2xl font-bold">{l.action}</p>
+                    </div>
+                    <div className="text-right shrink-0">
+                      <span className="inline-block bg-white/20 text-white text-xs font-mono px-3 py-1 rounded-full">
+                        {l.entityType}
+                      </span>
+                      <p className="text-white/70 text-xs mt-2">{formatDateTime(l.createdAt)}</p>
+                    </div>
                   </div>
-                </section>
+                  <div className="mt-4 grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
+                    <div className="bg-white/10 rounded-lg px-3 py-2">
+                      <p className="text-white/70 text-xs">User</p>
+                      <p className="text-white text-sm font-bold truncate">{actorName(l)}</p>
+                    </div>
+                    <div className="bg-white/10 rounded-lg px-3 py-2">
+                      <p className="text-white/70 text-xs">IP Address</p>
+                      <p className="text-white text-sm font-mono font-bold">{l.ipAddress || 'N/A'}</p>
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+
+                <div className="space-y-6">
+                  <section>
+                    <SectionHeader title="Event Details" />
+                    <div className="grid grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-4 gap-3">
+                      <Field label="Action" value={l.action} />
+                      <Field label="Entity Type" value={l.entityType} mono />
+                      <Field label="Entity ID" value={l.entityId} mono truncate />
+                      <Field label="Timestamp" value={formatDateTime(l.createdAt)} />
+                    </div>
+                  </section>
 
-                {l.user && (
                   <section>
                     <SectionHeader title="User Information" />
                     <div className="grid grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-3 gap-3">
-                      <Field label="Full Name" value={l.user.fullName} />
-                      <Field label="Email" value={l.user.email} truncate />
-                      <Field label="User ID" value={l.userId} mono truncate />
+                      <Field label="Name" value={l.userName} />
+                      <Field label="Phone" value={l.userPhone} mono />
+                      <Field label="IAM User ID" value={l.iamUserId} mono truncate />
                     </div>
                   </section>
-                )}
 
-                {(l.ipAddress || l.userAgent) && (
-                  <section>
-                    <SectionHeader title="Network Information" />
-                    <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-3">
-                      <Field label="IP Address" value={l.ipAddress} mono />
-                      <div className="bg-muted/40 rounded-lg p-3">
-                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-1">User Agent</p>
-                        <p className="text-xs font-mono text-foreground break-all leading-relaxed">{l.userAgent || '—'}</p>
+                  {(l.ipAddress || l.userAgent) && (
+                    <section>
+                      <SectionHeader title="Network Information" />
+                      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-3">
+                        <Field label="IP Address" value={l.ipAddress} mono />
+                        <div className="bg-muted/40 rounded-lg p-3">
+                          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-1">User Agent</p>
+                          <p className="text-xs font-mono text-foreground break-all leading-relaxed">
+                            {l.userAgent || '—'}
+                          </p>
+                        </div>
                       </div>
-                    </div>
-                  </section>
-                )}
+                    </section>
+                  )}
+
+                  {(l.oldData || l.newData) && (
+                    <section>
+                      <SectionHeader title="Data Changes" />
+                      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-3">
+                        {l.oldData && (
+                          <div>
+                            <p className="text-xs font-bold text-red-600 dark:text-red-400 mb-2 uppercase tracking-wide">
+                              ← Before
+                            </p>
+                            <pre className="text-xs p-3 bg-red-50 dark:bg-red-950/20 rounded-lg border border-red-200 dark:border-red-900 overflow-auto max-h-52 text-muted-foreground leading-relaxed">
+                              {formatJsonData(l.oldData)}
+                            </pre>
+                          </div>
+                        )}
+                        {l.newData && (
+                          <div>
+                            <p className="text-xs font-bold text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400 mb-2 uppercase tracking-wide">
+                              → After
+                            </p>
+                            <pre className="text-xs p-3 bg-emerald-50 dark:bg-emerald-950/20 rounded-lg border border-emerald-200 dark:border-emerald-900 overflow-auto max-h-52 text-muted-foreground leading-relaxed">
+                              {formatJsonData(l.newData)}
+                            </pre>
+                          </div>
+                        )}
+                      </div>
+                    </section>
+                  )}
 
-                {(l.oldData || l.newData) && (
                   <section>
-                    <SectionHeader title="Data Changes" />
-                    <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-3">
-                      {l.oldData && (
-                        <div>
-                          <p className="text-xs font-bold text-red-600 dark:text-red-400 mb-2 uppercase tracking-wide">← Before</p>
-                          <pre className="text-xs p-3 bg-red-50 dark:bg-red-950/20 rounded-lg border border-red-200 dark:border-red-900 overflow-auto max-h-52 text-muted-foreground leading-relaxed">
-                            {formatJsonData(l.oldData)}
-                          </pre>
-                        </div>
-                      )}
-                      {l.newData && (
-                        <div>
-                          <p className="text-xs font-bold text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400 mb-2 uppercase tracking-wide">→ After</p>
-                          <pre className="text-xs p-3 bg-emerald-50 dark:bg-emerald-950/20 rounded-lg border border-emerald-200 dark:border-emerald-900 overflow-auto max-h-52 text-muted-foreground leading-relaxed">
-                            {formatJsonData(l.newData)}
-                          </pre>
-                        </div>
-                      )}
+                    <SectionHeader title="System" />
+                    <div className="grid grid-cols-1 gap-3">
+                      <Field label="Log ID" value={l.id} mono truncate />
                     </div>
                   </section>
-                )}
+                </div>
 
-                <section>
-                  <SectionHeader title="System" />
-                  <div className="grid grid-cols-1 gap-3">
-                    <Field label="Log ID" value={l.id} mono truncate />
-                  </div>
-                </section>
+                <div className="flex justify-end gap-2 pt-6 mt-2 border-t border-muted">
+                  <ActionButton
+                    variant="secondary"
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      setShowDetailsModal(false);
+                      setSelectedLog(null);
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    Close
+                  </ActionButton>
+                </div>
               </div>
-
-              <div className="flex justify-end gap-2 pt-6 mt-2 border-t border-muted">
-                <ActionButton variant="secondary" onClick={() => { setShowDetailsModal(false); setSelectedLog(null); }}>Close</ActionButton>
-              </div>
-            </div>
-          );
-        })()}
+            );
+          })()}
       </Modal>
     </div>
   );
 }
+
+export default function AuditLogsPage() {
+  return (
+    <PermissionGuard permission={PERMS.audit.view}>
+      <AuditLogsPageContent />
+    </PermissionGuard>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/bookings/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/bookings/page.tsx
index a1909d6e8..fffe3722c 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/bookings/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/bookings/page.tsx
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ const SectionHeader = ({ title }: { title: string }) => (
 
 function BookingsPageContent() {
   const canManage = usePermission(PERMS.bookings.manage);
+  // Mirrors the API guard on POST /payments/:bookingId/force-confirm —
+  // tickets:generate, with the usual super-admin / org-admin bypass.
+  const canGenerateTicket = usePermission(PERMS.tickets.generate);
   const [filters, setFilters] = useState<BookingFilters>({ page: 1, pageSize: 20, search: '', status: '' });
   const [extraFilters, setExtraFilters] = useState({ bookingType: '', dateFrom: '', dateTo: '', paymentStatus: '', providerTxnId: '' });
   const [showExtraFilters, setShowExtraFilters] = useState(false);
@@ -298,7 +301,7 @@ function BookingsPageContent() {
 
   const actions = [
     { label: 'View Details', onClick: (b: any) => setSelectedBooking(b), variant: 'secondary' as const, icon: Eye },
-    { label: 'Generate Ticket', onClick: (b: any) => { setGenerateTicketForm({ paymentReference: '', paymentMethod: '', notes: '' }); setGenerateTicketTouched({ paymentReference: false, paymentMethod: false }); setGenerateTicketBooking(b); }, variant: 'secondary' as const, icon: Ticket, show: (b: any) => !(b.status === 'CONFIRMED' && b.paymentIntent?.status === 'SUCCEEDED') },
+    { label: 'Generate Ticket', onClick: (b: any) => { setGenerateTicketForm({ paymentReference: '', paymentMethod: '', notes: '' }); setGenerateTicketTouched({ paymentReference: false, paymentMethod: false }); setGenerateTicketBooking(b); }, variant: 'secondary' as const, icon: Ticket, show: (b: any) => canGenerateTicket && !(b.status === 'CONFIRMED' && b.paymentIntent?.status === 'SUCCEEDED') },
     { label: 'Delete', onClick: (b: any) => { setDeleteError(null); setDeleteCascade(false); setDeleteCascadeChecked(false); setBookingToDelete(b); setDeleteConfirmOpen(true); }, variant: 'danger' as const, icon: Trash2 },
   ];
 
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/classes/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/classes/page.tsx
index af2cab29b..ed6f71acb 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/classes/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/classes/page.tsx
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ import Modal from '@/components/ui/Modal';
 import ConfirmDialog from '@/components/ui/ConfirmDialog';
 import { seatClassesApi, apiClient } from '@/lib/api';
 import { formatCurrency } from '@/lib/utils';
+import { PermissionGuard } from '@/components/layout/PermissionGuard';
+import { PERMS } from '@/lib/permissions';
 
-export default function ClassesPage() {
+function ClassesPageContent() {
   const [filters, setFilters] = useState({ search: '' });
   const [showModal, setShowModal] = useState(false);
   const [editingClass, setEditingClass] = useState<any>(null);
@@ -352,3 +354,11 @@ export default function ClassesPage() {
     </div>
   );
 }
+
+export default function ClassesPage() {
+  return (
+    <PermissionGuard permission={PERMS.classes.view}>
+      <ClassesPageContent />
+    </PermissionGuard>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/coaches/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/coaches/page.tsx
index acb0deefa..408ebb352 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/coaches/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/coaches/page.tsx
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ import ConfirmDialog from '@/components/ui/ConfirmDialog';
 import { fleetApi, apiClient } from '@/lib/api';
 import Pagination from '@/components/ui/Pagination';
 import { usePagination } from '@/lib/use-pagination';
+import { PermissionGuard } from '@/components/layout/PermissionGuard';
+import { PERMS } from '@/lib/permissions';
 
 type Tab = 'types' | 'coaches' | 'utilization';
 
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ const renderBedVisualization = (coach: any) => {
   );
 };
 
-export default function CoachesPage() {
+function CoachesPageContent() {
   const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState<Tab>('coaches');
   const [search, setSearch] = useState('');
   const [showModal, setShowModal] = useState(false);
@@ -929,3 +931,11 @@ export default function CoachesPage() {
     </div>
   );
 }
+
+export default function CoachesPage() {
+  return (
+    <PermissionGuard permission={PERMS.coaches.view}>
+      <CoachesPageContent />
+    </PermissionGuard>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/dashboard/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/dashboard/page.tsx
index 7eede0089..cd1bbe131 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/dashboard/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/dashboard/page.tsx
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   ScanLine,
 } from "lucide-react";
 import { dashboardApi } from "@/lib/api/dashboard";
+import DashboardBookingCharts from "@/components/dashboard/DashboardBookingCharts";
 import { apiClient } from "@/lib/api-client";
 import { formatCurrency } from "@/lib/utils";
 import { PieChart, Pie, Cell, Tooltip, ResponsiveContainer } from "recharts";
@@ -322,6 +323,9 @@ function DashboardPageContent() {
         </div>
       </div>
 
+      {/* Booking charts — self-contained; degrades to a single line if its endpoint fails. */}
+      <DashboardBookingCharts />
+
       {/* Revenue breakdown */}
       <div className="card">
         <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground mb-4">
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/login/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/login/page.tsx
index 4f0098792..899e8cd11 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/login/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/login/page.tsx
@@ -20,13 +20,15 @@ const features = [
 ];
 
 export default function LoginPage() {
-  const [email, setEmail]         = useState('');
+  // Accepts an email address, phone number, or username — sent to the IAM in
+  // the `email` field either way (the backend contract does not change).
+  const [identifier, setIdentifier] = useState('');
   const [password, setPassword]   = useState('');
   const [loading, setLoading]     = useState(false);
   const [error, setError]         = useState('');
   const [showPassword, setShowPassword] = useState(false);
   const [isMounted, setIsMounted] = useState(false);
-  const [emailFocused, setEmailFocused]       = useState(false);
+  const [identifierFocused, setIdentifierFocused] = useState(false);
   const [passwordFocused, setPasswordFocused] = useState(false);
 
   const [view, setView]                       = useState<'login' | 'forgot'>('login');
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ export default function LoginPage() {
     setLoading(true);
     setError('');
     try {
-      await login(email, password);
+      await login(identifier.trim(), password);
       router.push('/dashboard');
     } catch (err: any) {
       const msg = err.message || err.response?.data?.message || '';
@@ -152,26 +154,29 @@ export default function LoginPage() {
 
             <form onSubmit={handleSubmit} className="space-y-4 animate-fade-up" style={{ animationDelay: '80ms' }}>
 
-              {/* Email field */}
+              {/* Identifier field — email, phone number, or username */}
               <div>
                 <label className="block text-xs font-semibold text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-400 uppercase tracking-wider mb-2">
-                  Email address
+                  Email, phone or username
                 </label>
                 <div className={`relative rounded-xl transition-all duration-200 ${
-                  emailFocused
+                  identifierFocused
                     ? 'ring-2 ring-[rgb(20,113,76)] ring-offset-0'
                     : 'ring-1 ring-gray-200 dark:ring-gray-800'
                 }`}>
                   <input
-                    type="email"
-                    value={email}
-                    onChange={(e) => { setEmail(e.target.value); setError(''); }}
-                    onFocus={() => setEmailFocused(true)}
-                    onBlur={() => setEmailFocused(false)}
+                    type="text"
+                    value={identifier}
+                    onChange={(e) => { setIdentifier(e.target.value); setError(''); }}
+                    onFocus={() => setIdentifierFocused(true)}
+                    onBlur={() => setIdentifierFocused(false)}
                     className="w-full px-4 py-3 rounded-xl bg-white dark:bg-gray-900 text-gray-900 dark:text-white placeholder:text-gray-400 dark:placeholder:text-gray-600 text-sm focus:outline-none"
-                    placeholder="name@edr.com"
+                    placeholder="name@edr.com, +251… or username"
                     required
-                    autoComplete="email"
+                    autoCapitalize="none"
+                    autoCorrect="off"
+                    spellCheck={false}
+                    autoComplete="username"
                   />
                 </div>
               </div>
@@ -209,7 +214,7 @@ export default function LoginPage() {
                 <div className="flex justify-end mt-2">
                   <button
                     type="button"
-                    onClick={() => { setView('forgot'); setForgotIdentifier(email); setError(''); }}
+                    onClick={() => { setView('forgot'); setForgotIdentifier(identifier); setError(''); }}
                     className="text-xs font-medium text-[rgb(20,113,76)] hover:underline"
                   >
                     Forgot password?
@@ -220,9 +225,9 @@ export default function LoginPage() {
               {/* Submit */}
               <button
                 type="submit"
-                disabled={loading || !email || !password}
+                disabled={loading || !identifier.trim() || !password}
                 className="group w-full mt-2 flex items-center justify-center gap-2 py-3 px-4 rounded-xl font-semibold text-sm text-white transition-all duration-200 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
-                style={{ background: loading || !email || !password
+                style={{ background: loading || !identifier.trim() || !password
                   ? 'rgb(20,113,76)'
                   : `linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(20,113,76) 0%, rgb(16,143,96) 100%)`
                 }}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/reports/passengers/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/reports/passengers/page.tsx
index ca6a2c2f8..0ed48c17b 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/reports/passengers/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/reports/passengers/page.tsx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { useState } from "react";
 import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { Users, Armchair, BarChart3, Train, Download } from "lucide-react";
 import { apiClient } from "@/lib/api-client";
+import FleetPassengerOverview from "@/components/reports/FleetPassengerOverview";
 import { formatDateTime } from "@/lib/utils";
 import ActionButton from "@/components/ui/ActionButton";
 import Pagination from "@/components/ui/Pagination";
@@ -585,12 +586,9 @@ export default function PassengersReportPage() {
         </div>
       )}
 
-      {!scheduleId && (
-        <div className="card py-16 text-center text-muted-foreground">
-          <Armchair className="h-10 w-10 mx-auto mb-3 opacity-30" />
-          <p>Select a schedule above to load the occupancy report</p>
-        </div>
-      )}
+      {/* Landing state only. Unmounts the moment a schedule is selected, leaving the
+          per-schedule report above untouched. */}
+      {!scheduleId && <FleetPassengerOverview onSelectSchedule={setScheduleId} />}
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/reports/seats/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/reports/seats/page.tsx
index 2f5611f80..ef36ef741 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/reports/seats/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/reports/seats/page.tsx
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
-import { CheckCircle, Clock, AlertCircle, Ban, Armchair, Download } from "lucide-react";
+import { CheckCircle, Clock, AlertCircle, Ban, Download } from "lucide-react";
 import { apiClient } from "@/lib/api-client";
+import FleetSeatOverview from "@/components/reports/FleetSeatOverview";
 import Badge from "@/components/ui/Badge";
 import ActionButton from "@/components/ui/ActionButton";
 import { formatDateTime, formatCurrency } from "@/lib/utils";
@@ -165,12 +166,9 @@ export default function SeatStatusReportPage() {
         {isError && <p className="text-xs text-red-500 mt-2">Failed to load report.</p>}
       </div>
 
-      {!scheduleId && (
-        <div className="card py-16 text-center text-muted-foreground">
-          <Armchair className="h-10 w-10 mx-auto mb-3 opacity-30" />
-          <p>Select a schedule above to load the seat status report</p>
-        </div>
-      )}
+      {/* Landing state only. Unmounts the moment a schedule is selected, leaving the
+          per-schedule report below untouched. */}
+      {!scheduleId && <FleetSeatOverview onSelectSchedule={setScheduleId} />}
 
       {data && (
         <>
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/routes/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/routes/page.tsx
index 251d034b1..a44d78546 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/routes/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/routes/page.tsx
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import ConfirmDialog from '@/components/ui/ConfirmDialog';
 import { routesApi } from '@/lib/api/routes';
 import { stationsApi, fleetApi, routeCoachTemplatesApi } from '@/lib/api';
 import { eatLocalToISO, isoToEATLocal } from '@/lib/timezone';
+import { PermissionGuard } from '@/components/layout/PermissionGuard';
+import { PERMS } from '@/lib/permissions';
 
 interface RouteStop {
   stationId: string;
@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ function RouteCoachesTab({ routes }: { routes: any[] }) {
   );
 }
 
-export default function RoutesPage() {
+function RoutesPageContent() {
   const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState<Tab>('routes');
   const [showModal, setShowModal] = useState(false);
   const [editingRoute, setEditingRoute] = useState<any>(null);
@@ -922,3 +924,11 @@ export default function RoutesPage() {
     </div>
   );
 }
+
+export default function RoutesPage() {
+  return (
+    <PermissionGuard permission={PERMS.routes.view}>
+      <RoutesPageContent />
+    </PermissionGuard>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/schedules/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/schedules/page.tsx
index 35d0290ea..7738f4b71 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/schedules/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/schedules/page.tsx
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import { usePagination } from '@/lib/use-pagination';
 import { formatDateTime } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { eatLocalToISO, isoToEATLocal } from '@/lib/timezone';
 import DateTimePicker from '@/components/ui/DateTimePicker';
+import { PermissionGuard } from '@/components/layout/PermissionGuard';
+import { PERMS } from '@/lib/permissions';
 
 interface Schedule {
   id: string;
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ interface Coach {
   coachType?: { name: string };
 }
 
-export default function SchedulesPage() {
+function SchedulesPageContent() {
   const [showModal, setShowModal] = useState(false);
   const [showAddModal, setShowAddModal] = useState(false);
   const [showEditModal, setShowEditModal] = useState(false);
@@ -1248,3 +1250,11 @@ export default function SchedulesPage() {
     </div>
   );
 }
+
+export default function SchedulesPage() {
+  return (
+    <PermissionGuard permission={PERMS.schedules.view}>
+      <SchedulesPageContent />
+    </PermissionGuard>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/seats/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/seats/page.tsx
index c2d3ef2db..86d61eff0 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/seats/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/seats/page.tsx
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { seatsApi, schedulesApi, fleetApi, routeCoachTemplatesApi, bookingsApi }
 import { routesApi } from '@/lib/api/routes';
 import { usePermissionStrict } from '@/lib/use-permission';
 import { PERMS } from '@/lib/permissions';
+import { PermissionGuard } from '@/components/layout/PermissionGuard';
 import Modal from '@/components/ui/Modal';
 import ActionButton from '@/components/ui/ActionButton'
 import { Armchair, Lock, Unlock, Bed, X, RotateCcw, ChevronDown, Train, Wrench, Ticket as TicketIcon } from 'lucide-react';
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ import {
   SeatBlockReasonCategory,
 } from '@edr/types';
 
-export default function SeatsPage() {
+function SeatsPageContent() {
   const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState<'route' | 'schedule'>('route');
   const [selectedSchedule, setSelectedSchedule] = useState('');
   const [selectedRoute, setSelectedRoute] = useState('');
@@ -1491,3 +1492,11 @@ function SeatIcon({
     </div>
   );
 }
+
+export default function SeatsPage() {
+  return (
+    <PermissionGuard permission={PERMS.seats.view}>
+      <SeatsPageContent />
+    </PermissionGuard>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/stations/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/stations/page.tsx
index 032a978a4..420bc3434 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/stations/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/stations/page.tsx
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ import ConfirmDialog from '@/components/ui/ConfirmDialog';
 import { stationsApi } from '@/lib/api';
 import Pagination from '@/components/ui/Pagination';
 import { usePagination } from '@/lib/use-pagination';
+import { PermissionGuard } from '@/components/layout/PermissionGuard';
+import { PERMS } from '@/lib/permissions';
 
-export default function StationsPage() {
+function StationsPageContent() {
   const [filters, setFilters] = useState({ search: '', country: '', operational: '' });
   const [showModal, setShowModal] = useState(false);
   const [editingStation, setEditingStation] = useState<any>(null);
@@ -379,3 +381,11 @@ export default function StationsPage() {
     </div>
   );
 }
+
+export default function StationsPage() {
+  return (
+    <PermissionGuard permission={PERMS.stations.view}>
+      <StationsPageContent />
+    </PermissionGuard>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/trains/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/trains/page.tsx
index 527aebdc7..e1be87ff3 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/trains/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/app/trains/page.tsx
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@ import Pagination from '@/components/ui/Pagination';
 import { usePagination } from '@/lib/use-pagination';
 import { Train as TrainType } from '@/types';
 import { formatDate } from '@/lib/utils';
+import { PermissionGuard } from '@/components/layout/PermissionGuard';
+import { PERMS } from '@/lib/permissions';
 
-export default function TrainsPage() {
+function TrainsPageContent() {
   const [showModal, setShowModal] = useState(false);
   const [editingTrain, setEditingTrain] = useState<TrainType | null>(null);
   const [search, setSearch] = useState('');
@@ -366,3 +368,11 @@ export default function TrainsPage() {
     </div>
   );
 }
+
+export default function TrainsPage() {
+  return (
+    <PermissionGuard permission={PERMS.trains.view}>
+      <TrainsPageContent />
+    </PermissionGuard>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/dashboard/DashboardBookingCharts.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/dashboard/DashboardBookingCharts.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9c1803f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/dashboard/DashboardBookingCharts.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+"use client";
+
+/**
+ * Booking charts for the backoffice dashboard — revenue trend, daily confirmed
+ * bookings, status distribution and payment-method split over the last 30 days.
+ *
+ * Ported from `/reports/overall`, which computes the same four panels in the browser
+ * from a 5000-row booking fetch. Here the grouping is done by
+ * `GET /dashboard/analytics/bookings` so the landing page stays light.
+ *
+ * Revenue on this panel answers "what was booked" — CONFIRMED and BOARDED bookings by
+ * creation date. The Revenue Breakdown card below answers "what was collected" (it also
+ * requires a SUCCEEDED payment intent). The two will not match, which is why each says
+ * what it measures in its own heading.
+ */
+
+import { useMemo } from "react";
+import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
+import {
+  Bar,
+  BarChart,
+  CartesianGrid,
+  Cell,
+  LabelList,
+  Line,
+  LineChart,
+  Pie,
+  PieChart,
+  ResponsiveContainer,
+  Tooltip,
+  XAxis,
+  YAxis,
+} from "recharts";
+import { apiClient } from "@/lib/api-client";
+import { categoricalColor, getChartPalette } from "@/lib/chart-palette";
+import { useTheme } from "@/lib/theme-store";
+import { formatCurrency } from "@/lib/utils";
+
+interface BookingAnalytics {
+  window: { from: string; to: string; days: number };
+  totals: { bookings: number; confirmedBookings: number };
+  byDay: {
+    date: string;
+    bookings: number;
+    revenueByCurrency: { currency: string; totalMinor: number }[];
+  }[];
+  statusDistribution: { status: string; count: number }[];
+  paymentMethods: { method: string; count: number }[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fixed colour domain for booking status. Keyed by position in the enum rather than by
+ * rank in the data, so a day with no cancellations does not repaint the other slices.
+ */
+const STATUS_ORDER = [
+  "CONFIRMED",
+  "BOARDED",
+  "PENDING_PAYMENT",
+  "CANCELLED",
+  "REFUNDED",
+  "NO_SHOW",
+] as const;
+
+const STATUS_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
+  CONFIRMED: "Confirmed",
+  BOARDED: "Boarded",
+  PENDING_PAYMENT: "Pending payment",
+  CANCELLED: "Cancelled",
+  REFUNDED: "Refunded",
+  NO_SHOW: "No show",
+  DRAFT: "Draft",
+  UNKNOWN: "Unknown",
+};
+
+const MAX_METHOD_BARS = 6;
+
+/** `YYYY-MM-DD` → `5 Mar`, parsed by parts so no timezone can shift the label. */
+function formatDayLabel(date: string): string {
+  const [, month, day] = date.split("-");
+  const monthName = [
+    "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+    "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec",
+  ][Number(month) - 1];
+  return `${Number(day)} ${monthName}`;
+}
+
+function prettyMethod(method: string): string {
+  return method
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .replace(/_/g, " ")
+    .replace(/\b\w/g, (c) => c.toUpperCase());
+}
+
+export default function DashboardBookingCharts() {
+  const isDark = useTheme((s) => s.isDark);
+  const palette = getChartPalette(isDark);
+
+  // Same query key the dashboard page already uses, so this shares its cache rather
+  // than issuing a second request for the rates.
+  const { data: exchangeRates = [] } = useQuery<any[]>({
+    queryKey: ["currencies"],
+    queryFn: () => apiClient.get("/currencies"),
+    select: (d: any) => (Array.isArray(d) ? d : (d?.data ?? d?.items ?? [])),
+  });
+
+  const { data, isLoading, isError } = useQuery<BookingAnalytics>({
+    queryKey: ["dashboard-booking-analytics"],
+    queryFn: () => apiClient.get("/dashboard/analytics/bookings"),
+    staleTime: 60_000,
+  });
+
+  // Matches the conversion the dashboard page applies to its revenue cards.
+  const toEtbRate = (currency: string): number | null => {
+    if (currency === "ETB") return 1;
+    const r = exchangeRates.find(
+      (x: any) => x.fromCurrency === "ETB" && x.toCurrency === currency,
+    );
+    return r ? 1 / r.rate : null;
+  };
+
+  const dayRows = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      (data?.byDay ?? []).map((d) => ({
+        label: formatDayLabel(d.date),
+        bookings: d.bookings,
+        // A currency with no rate on file is left out rather than counted at 1:1.
+        revenueMinor: d.revenueByCurrency.reduce((sum, r) => {
+          const rate = toEtbRate(r.currency);
+          return rate !== null ? sum + Math.round(r.totalMinor * rate) : sum;
+        }, 0),
+      })),
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+    [data, exchangeRates],
+  );
+
+  const statusRows = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      (data?.statusDistribution ?? [])
+        .filter((s) => s.count > 0)
+        .map((s) => ({
+          name: STATUS_LABELS[s.status] ?? s.status,
+          value: s.count,
+          color: categoricalColor(
+            palette,
+            STATUS_ORDER.indexOf(s.status as (typeof STATUS_ORDER)[number]) >= 0
+              ? STATUS_ORDER.indexOf(s.status as (typeof STATUS_ORDER)[number])
+              : STATUS_ORDER.length,
+          ),
+        })),
+    [data, palette],
+  );
+
+  const methodRows = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      (data?.paymentMethods ?? []).slice(0, MAX_METHOD_BARS).map((m) => ({
+        label: prettyMethod(m.method),
+        count: m.count,
+      })),
+    [data],
+  );
+
+  const tooltipStyle = {
+    background: palette.tooltipBg,
+    border: `1px solid ${palette.tooltipBorder}`,
+    borderRadius: 8,
+    fontSize: 12,
+  };
+
+  if (isLoading) {
+    return (
+      <div className="card py-12 text-center text-muted-foreground">
+        <p className="text-sm">Loading booking analytics…</p>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  // The dashboard's other cards stand on their own, so a failure here degrades to a
+  // single quiet line rather than taking the page down.
+  if (isError || !data) {
+    return (
+      <div className="card py-8 text-center">
+        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+          Booking analytics are unavailable right now.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  const hasDays = dayRows.length > 0;
+  const rangeLabel = `Last ${data.window.days} days`;
+
+  const emptyPanel = (
+    <div className="h-[260px] flex items-center justify-center text-muted-foreground text-sm">
+      No bookings in this range
+    </div>
+  );
+
+  return (
+    <div className="grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-2 gap-6">
+      {/* Revenue Trend */}
+      <div className="card">
+        <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground">
+          Revenue Trend
+        </h2>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1 mb-4">
+          {rangeLabel} · value of confirmed bookings on the day they were made, in ETB.
+          Not the same as collected revenue below.
+        </p>
+        {hasDays ? (
+          <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={260}>
+            <LineChart data={dayRows} margin={{ top: 4, right: 8, bottom: 4, left: 0 }}>
+              <CartesianGrid stroke={palette.grid} vertical={false} />
+              <XAxis
+                dataKey="label"
+                tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 11 }}
+                stroke={palette.axis}
+                tickLine={false}
+              />
+              <YAxis
+                tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 11 }}
+                stroke={palette.axis}
+                tickLine={false}
+                axisLine={false}
+                tickFormatter={(v: number) => Math.round(v / 100).toLocaleString()}
+              />
+              <Tooltip
+                contentStyle={tooltipStyle}
+                labelStyle={{ color: palette.textMuted }}
+                formatter={(value: number) => [formatCurrency(value, "ETB"), "Revenue"]}
+              />
+              <Line
+                type="monotone"
+                dataKey="revenueMinor"
+                name="Revenue"
+                stroke={palette.sequential}
+                strokeWidth={2}
+                dot={{ r: 3 }}
+                activeDot={{ r: 5 }}
+              />
+            </LineChart>
+          </ResponsiveContainer>
+        ) : (
+          emptyPanel
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Daily Confirmed Bookings */}
+      <div className="card">
+        <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground">
+          Daily Confirmed Bookings
+        </h2>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1 mb-4">
+          {rangeLabel} · how many bookings were confirmed each day.
+        </p>
+        {hasDays ? (
+          <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={260}>
+            <BarChart data={dayRows} margin={{ top: 4, right: 8, bottom: 4, left: 0 }}>
+              <CartesianGrid stroke={palette.grid} vertical={false} />
+              <XAxis
+                dataKey="label"
+                tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 11 }}
+                stroke={palette.axis}
+                tickLine={false}
+              />
+              <YAxis
+                tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 11 }}
+                stroke={palette.axis}
+                tickLine={false}
+                axisLine={false}
+                allowDecimals={false}
+              />
+              <Tooltip
+                cursor={{ fill: palette.grid, fillOpacity: 0.35 }}
+                contentStyle={tooltipStyle}
+                labelStyle={{ color: palette.textMuted }}
+              />
+              <Bar
+                dataKey="bookings"
+                name="Bookings"
+                fill={palette.sequential}
+                radius={[3, 3, 0, 0]}
+              />
+            </BarChart>
+          </ResponsiveContainer>
+        ) : (
+          emptyPanel
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Booking Status Distribution */}
+      <div className="card">
+        <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground">
+          Booking Status Distribution
+        </h2>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1 mb-4">
+          {rangeLabel} · every booking made in the range, by current status.
+        </p>
+        {statusRows.length > 0 ? (
+          <>
+            {/* Legend with text labels and counts — the palette's light-mode contrast is
+                validated only with that relief in place. */}
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-x-4 gap-y-2 flex-wrap mb-3">
+              {statusRows.map((s) => (
+                <div key={s.name} className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+                  <span
+                    className="h-2.5 w-2.5 rounded-sm"
+                    style={{ backgroundColor: s.color }}
+                    aria-hidden
+                  />
+                  <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                    {s.name} · {s.value}
+                  </span>
+                </div>
+              ))}
+            </div>
+            <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={220}>
+              <PieChart>
+                <Pie
+                  data={statusRows}
+                  dataKey="value"
+                  nameKey="name"
+                  cx="50%"
+                  cy="50%"
+                  innerRadius={45}
+                  outerRadius={85}
+                  paddingAngle={2}
+                  stroke={palette.surface}
+                  strokeWidth={2}
+                >
+                  {statusRows.map((s) => (
+                    <Cell key={s.name} fill={s.color} />
+                  ))}
+                </Pie>
+                <Tooltip contentStyle={tooltipStyle} />
+              </PieChart>
+            </ResponsiveContainer>
+          </>
+        ) : (
+          emptyPanel
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Payment Methods */}
+      <div className="card">
+        <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-widest text-muted-foreground">
+          Payment Methods
+        </h2>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1 mb-4">
+          {rangeLabel} · which method each booking used. &ldquo;Unknown&rdquo; means no
+          payment was started.
+        </p>
+        {methodRows.length > 0 ? (
+          <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={38 * methodRows.length + 32}>
+            <BarChart
+              data={methodRows}
+              layout="vertical"
+              margin={{ top: 0, right: 44, bottom: 0, left: 8 }}
+            >
+              <CartesianGrid stroke={palette.grid} horizontal={false} />
+              <XAxis
+                type="number"
+                tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 11 }}
+                stroke={palette.axis}
+                tickLine={false}
+                axisLine={false}
+                allowDecimals={false}
+              />
+              <YAxis
+                type="category"
+                dataKey="label"
+                width={120}
+                tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 11 }}
+                stroke={palette.axis}
+                tickLine={false}
+                axisLine={false}
+              />
+              <Tooltip
+                cursor={{ fill: palette.grid, fillOpacity: 0.35 }}
+                contentStyle={tooltipStyle}
+                labelStyle={{ color: palette.textMuted }}
+              />
+              <Bar
+                dataKey="count"
+                name="Bookings"
+                fill={palette.sequential}
+                radius={[0, 3, 3, 0]}
+              >
+                <LabelList
+                  dataKey="count"
+                  position="right"
+                  fill={palette.textMuted}
+                  fontSize={11}
+                />
+              </Bar>
+            </BarChart>
+          </ResponsiveContainer>
+        ) : (
+          emptyPanel
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/layout/Sidebar.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/layout/Sidebar.tsx
index 616488917..1f33c417e 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/layout/Sidebar.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/layout/Sidebar.tsx
@@ -81,13 +81,13 @@ const navigationSections: { title: string; items: NavItem[] }[] = [
   {
     title: 'Master Data',
     items: [
-      { name: 'Stations',   href: '/stations',   icon: MapPin },
-      { name: 'Trains',     href: '/trains',     icon: Train },
-      { name: 'Coaches',    href: '/coaches',    icon: Grid3x3 },
-      { name: 'Seats',      href: '/seats',      icon: Armchair },
-      { name: 'Classes',    href: '/classes',    icon: Settings },
-      { name: 'Routes',     href: '/routes',     icon: Route },
-      { name: 'Schedules',  href: '/schedules',  icon: Calendar },
+      { name: 'Stations',   href: '/stations',   icon: MapPin,   permission: PERMS.stations.view },
+      { name: 'Trains',     href: '/trains',     icon: Train,    permission: PERMS.trains.view },
+      { name: 'Coaches',    href: '/coaches',    icon: Grid3x3,  permission: PERMS.coaches.view },
+      { name: 'Seats',      href: '/seats',      icon: Armchair, permission: PERMS.seats.view },
+      { name: 'Classes',    href: '/classes',    icon: Settings, permission: PERMS.classes.view },
+      { name: 'Routes',     href: '/routes',     icon: Route,    permission: PERMS.routes.view },
+      { name: 'Schedules',  href: '/schedules',  icon: Calendar, permission: PERMS.schedules.view },
     ]
   },
   {
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/reports/FleetPassengerOverview.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/reports/FleetPassengerOverview.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c59121005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/reports/FleetPassengerOverview.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+"use client";
+
+/**
+ * Fleet passenger overview — the landing state of the Passengers Report, shown only
+ * while no schedule is selected. Once a schedule is picked this component unmounts and
+ * the per-schedule occupancy/list tabs take over unchanged.
+ *
+ * Carries no occupancy figure by design. This report and the seat status report measure
+ * capacity differently (this one counts dining and placeholder seats toward `totalSeats`,
+ * the other does not), so an occupancy number here would contradict one of them. This
+ * view answers "who travelled" and leaves "how full" to the seat status report.
+ */
+
+import { useMemo } from "react";
+import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
+import {
+  Bar,
+  BarChart,
+  CartesianGrid,
+  LabelList,
+  ResponsiveContainer,
+  Tooltip,
+  XAxis,
+  YAxis,
+} from "recharts";
+import { CalendarClock, Users } from "lucide-react";
+import { apiClient } from "@/lib/api-client";
+import { categoricalColor, getChartPalette } from "@/lib/chart-palette";
+import { useTheme } from "@/lib/theme-store";
+
+interface OverviewScheduleRow {
+  scheduleId: string;
+  trainNumber: string;
+  originStation: string;
+  destinationStation: string;
+  departureAt: string;
+  isPackage: boolean;
+  passengers: number;
+}
+
+interface PassengerOverview {
+  window: {
+    from: string;
+    to: string;
+    days: number;
+    direction: "UPCOMING" | "RECENT";
+    truncated: boolean;
+  };
+  totals: {
+    scheduleCount: number;
+    totalPassengers: number;
+    groupPassengers: number;
+  };
+  byDay: { date: string; scheduleCount: number; passengers: number }[];
+  byNationality: { nationality: string; passengers: number }[];
+  byCategory: { category: string; passengers: number }[];
+  topRoutes: { origin: string; destination: string; passengers: number }[];
+  schedules: OverviewScheduleRow[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fixed colour domain for passenger category. Keyed by position in this list rather than
+ * by rank in the data, so a day with no children does not repaint the adult segment.
+ */
+const CATEGORY_ORDER = ["ADULT", "CHILD"] as const;
+const CATEGORY_LABELS: Record<string, string> = { ADULT: "Adult", CHILD: "Child" };
+
+const MAX_NATIONALITY_BARS = 8;
+
+/** `YYYY-MM-DD` → `05 Mar`, parsed by parts so no timezone can shift the label. */
+function formatDayLabel(date: string): string {
+  const [, month, day] = date.split("-");
+  const monthName = [
+    "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+    "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec",
+  ][Number(month) - 1];
+  return `${day} ${monthName}`;
+}
+
+function formatWindow(from: string, to: string): string {
+  const opts: Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions = { day: "2-digit", month: "short" };
+  return `${new Date(from).toLocaleDateString("en-GB", opts)} – ${new Date(
+    to,
+  ).toLocaleDateString("en-GB", opts)}`;
+}
+
+export interface FleetPassengerOverviewProps {
+  /** Selecting a schedule from a chart or row hands control to the drill-down. */
+  onSelectSchedule: (scheduleId: string) => void;
+}
+
+export default function FleetPassengerOverview({
+  onSelectSchedule,
+}: FleetPassengerOverviewProps) {
+  const isDark = useTheme((s) => s.isDark);
+  const palette = getChartPalette(isDark);
+
+  const { data, isLoading, isError } = useQuery<PassengerOverview>({
+    queryKey: ["passenger-overview"],
+    queryFn: () => apiClient.get("/reports/passengers/overview"),
+  });
+
+  const dayRows = useMemo(
+    () => (data?.byDay ?? []).map((d) => ({ ...d, label: formatDayLabel(d.date) })),
+    [data],
+  );
+
+  const nationalityRows = useMemo(
+    () => (data?.byNationality ?? []).slice(0, MAX_NATIONALITY_BARS),
+    [data],
+  );
+
+  const routeRows = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      (data?.topRoutes ?? []).map((r) => ({
+        ...r,
+        label: `${r.origin} → ${r.destination}`,
+      })),
+    [data],
+  );
+
+  // One row, one bar, stacked by category — a two-value composition reads better as a
+  // single bar than as a chart with two lonely columns.
+  const categoryRow = useMemo(() => {
+    const row: Record<string, number | string> = { name: "mix" };
+    for (const c of data?.byCategory ?? []) row[c.category] = c.passengers;
+    return [row];
+  }, [data]);
+
+  const categoriesPresent = useMemo(() => {
+    const seen = new Set((data?.byCategory ?? []).map((c) => c.category));
+    const known = CATEGORY_ORDER.filter((c) => seen.has(c));
+    const unknown = [...seen].filter(
+      (c) => !CATEGORY_ORDER.includes(c as (typeof CATEGORY_ORDER)[number]),
+    );
+    return [...known, ...unknown];
+  }, [data]);
+
+  const categoryColor = (category: string) => {
+    const index = CATEGORY_ORDER.indexOf(category as (typeof CATEGORY_ORDER)[number]);
+    return categoricalColor(palette, index >= 0 ? index : CATEGORY_ORDER.length);
+  };
+
+  const tooltipStyle = {
+    background: palette.tooltipBg,
+    border: `1px solid ${palette.tooltipBorder}`,
+    borderRadius: 8,
+    fontSize: 12,
+  };
+
+  if (isLoading) {
+    return (
+      <div className="card py-16 text-center text-muted-foreground">
+        <p className="text-sm">Loading fleet passenger overview…</p>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (isError) {
+    return (
+      <div className="card py-12 text-center">
+        <p className="text-sm text-red-500">Failed to load the fleet passenger overview.</p>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1">
+          Select a schedule above to load its report directly.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (!data || data.totals.scheduleCount === 0) {
+    return (
+      <div className="card py-16 text-center text-muted-foreground">
+        <Users className="h-10 w-10 mx-auto mb-3 opacity-30" />
+        <p>No departures on record to summarise</p>
+        <p className="text-xs mt-1">
+          Select a schedule above to load its passengers report
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  const { window: win, totals } = data;
+  const groupShare =
+    totals.totalPassengers > 0
+      ? Math.round((totals.groupPassengers / totals.totalPassengers) * 100)
+      : 0;
+
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-6">
+      {/* Window banner — the view is fleet-wide until a schedule is chosen, and the
+          window may be historic, so both facts are stated rather than implied. */}
+      <div className="card">
+        <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-4 flex-wrap">
+          <div className="flex items-start gap-3">
+            <CalendarClock className="h-5 w-5 text-muted-foreground mt-0.5 shrink-0" />
+            <div>
+              <p className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
+                All schedules · {formatWindow(win.from, win.to)}
+              </p>
+              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-0.5">
+                {win.direction === "UPCOMING"
+                  ? `Next ${win.days} days — ${totals.scheduleCount} departure${totals.scheduleCount === 1 ? "" : "s"}`
+                  : `No upcoming departures — showing the most recent ${win.days} days (${totals.scheduleCount} departure${totals.scheduleCount === 1 ? "" : "s"})`}
+                {win.truncated && " · truncated to the first 60 departures"}
+              </p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Window totals */}
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-3 gap-4">
+        <div className="card">
+          <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm font-medium">Passengers</p>
+          <p className="text-2xl font-bold mt-1 tabular-nums text-foreground">
+            {totals.totalPassengers}
+          </p>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1">Confirmed and boarded</p>
+        </div>
+        <div className="card">
+          <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm font-medium">Departures</p>
+          <p className="text-2xl font-bold mt-1 tabular-nums text-foreground">
+            {totals.scheduleCount}
+          </p>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1">In this window</p>
+        </div>
+        <div className="card">
+          <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm font-medium">Travelling in groups</p>
+          <p className="text-2xl font-bold mt-1 tabular-nums text-foreground">
+            {totals.groupPassengers}
+          </p>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1">
+            {groupShare}% of passengers, on multi-seat bookings
+          </p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* 1 — Passengers per departure day */}
+      <div className="card">
+        <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground mb-1">
+          Passengers by departure day
+        </h3>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-4">
+          How many people travelled each day across every train in the window.
+        </p>
+        <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={240}>
+          <BarChart data={dayRows} margin={{ top: 4, right: 8, bottom: 4, left: 0 }}>
+            <CartesianGrid stroke={palette.grid} vertical={false} />
+            <XAxis
+              dataKey="label"
+              tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 12 }}
+              stroke={palette.axis}
+              tickLine={false}
+            />
+            <YAxis
+              tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 12 }}
+              stroke={palette.axis}
+              tickLine={false}
+              axisLine={false}
+              allowDecimals={false}
+            />
+            <Tooltip
+              cursor={{ fill: palette.grid, fillOpacity: 0.35 }}
+              contentStyle={tooltipStyle}
+              labelStyle={{ color: palette.textMuted }}
+            />
+            <Bar
+              dataKey="passengers"
+              name="Passengers"
+              fill={palette.sequential}
+              radius={[3, 3, 0, 0]}
+            />
+          </BarChart>
+        </ResponsiveContainer>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-2 gap-6">
+        {/* 2 — Nationality split */}
+        <div className="card">
+          <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground mb-1">
+            Passengers by nationality
+          </h3>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-4">
+            Taken from passport country, or Ethiopian where a national ID was used.
+            &ldquo;Unknown&rdquo; means neither was recorded.
+          </p>
+          <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={38 * nationalityRows.length + 32}>
+            <BarChart
+              data={nationalityRows}
+              layout="vertical"
+              margin={{ top: 0, right: 44, bottom: 0, left: 8 }}
+            >
+              <CartesianGrid stroke={palette.grid} horizontal={false} />
+              <XAxis
+                type="number"
+                tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 12 }}
+                stroke={palette.axis}
+                tickLine={false}
+                axisLine={false}
+                allowDecimals={false}
+              />
+              <YAxis
+                type="category"
+                dataKey="nationality"
+                width={110}
+                tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 12 }}
+                stroke={palette.axis}
+                tickLine={false}
+                axisLine={false}
+              />
+              <Tooltip
+                cursor={{ fill: palette.grid, fillOpacity: 0.35 }}
+                contentStyle={tooltipStyle}
+                labelStyle={{ color: palette.textMuted }}
+              />
+              <Bar
+                dataKey="passengers"
+                name="Passengers"
+                fill={palette.sequential}
+                radius={[0, 3, 3, 0]}
+              >
+                {/* Values printed on the bars — the palette's light-mode contrast is
+                    validated only with numeric relief in place. */}
+                <LabelList
+                  dataKey="passengers"
+                  position="right"
+                  fill={palette.textMuted}
+                  fontSize={11}
+                />
+              </Bar>
+            </BarChart>
+          </ResponsiveContainer>
+        </div>
+
+        {/* 4 — Busiest origin → destination pairs */}
+        <div className="card">
+          <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground mb-1">
+            Busiest routes
+          </h3>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-4">
+            Where people actually travelled from and to — not the train&apos;s own
+            endpoints, but each booking&apos;s.
+          </p>
+          <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={38 * routeRows.length + 32}>
+            <BarChart
+              data={routeRows}
+              layout="vertical"
+              margin={{ top: 0, right: 44, bottom: 0, left: 8 }}
+            >
+              <CartesianGrid stroke={palette.grid} horizontal={false} />
+              <XAxis
+                type="number"
+                tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 12 }}
+                stroke={palette.axis}
+                tickLine={false}
+                axisLine={false}
+                allowDecimals={false}
+              />
+              <YAxis
+                type="category"
+                dataKey="label"
+                width={170}
+                tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 11 }}
+                stroke={palette.axis}
+                tickLine={false}
+                axisLine={false}
+              />
+              <Tooltip
+                cursor={{ fill: palette.grid, fillOpacity: 0.35 }}
+                contentStyle={tooltipStyle}
+                labelStyle={{ color: palette.textMuted }}
+              />
+              <Bar
+                dataKey="passengers"
+                name="Passengers"
+                fill={palette.sequential}
+                radius={[0, 3, 3, 0]}
+              >
+                <LabelList
+                  dataKey="passengers"
+                  position="right"
+                  fill={palette.textMuted}
+                  fontSize={11}
+                />
+              </Bar>
+            </BarChart>
+          </ResponsiveContainer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* 3 — Passenger category mix */}
+      <div className="card">
+        <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground mb-1">
+          Adult and child mix
+        </h3>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-4">
+          The whole bar is every passenger in the window, split by fare category.
+        </p>
+
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-4 flex-wrap mb-3">
+          {categoriesPresent.map((category) => {
+            const count =
+              data.byCategory.find((c) => c.category === category)?.passengers ?? 0;
+            return (
+              <div key={category} className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+                <span
+                  className="h-2.5 w-2.5 rounded-sm"
+                  style={{ backgroundColor: categoryColor(category) }}
+                  aria-hidden
+                />
+                <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                  {CATEGORY_LABELS[category] ?? category} · {count}
+                </span>
+              </div>
+            );
+          })}
+        </div>
+
+        <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={64}>
+          <BarChart
+            data={categoryRow}
+            layout="vertical"
+            margin={{ top: 0, right: 0, bottom: 0, left: 0 }}
+          >
+            <XAxis type="number" hide />
+            <YAxis type="category" dataKey="name" hide />
+            <Tooltip contentStyle={tooltipStyle} labelStyle={{ display: "none" }} />
+            {categoriesPresent.map((category) => (
+              <Bar
+                key={category}
+                dataKey={category}
+                name={CATEGORY_LABELS[category] ?? category}
+                stackId="mix"
+                fill={categoryColor(category)}
+              />
+            ))}
+          </BarChart>
+        </ResponsiveContainer>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* The same numbers as exact figures, and the picker */}
+      <div className="card p-0">
+        <div className="px-4 pt-4 pb-3">
+          <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground">
+            Schedules in window
+          </h3>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1">
+            The exact numbers behind the charts, one row per departure. Click a row to
+            open that train&apos;s full passengers report.
+          </p>
+        </div>
+        <div className="overflow-x-auto">
+          <table className="w-full text-sm">
+            <thead className="bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-800">
+              <tr>
+                {["Departure", "Train", "Route", "Passengers"].map((h) => (
+                  <th
+                    key={h}
+                    className="px-4 py-3 text-left text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wider text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 whitespace-nowrap"
+                  >
+                    {h}
+                  </th>
+                ))}
+              </tr>
+            </thead>
+            <tbody className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-900 divide-y divide-gray-200 dark:divide-gray-700">
+              {data.schedules.map((s) => (
+                <tr
+                  key={s.scheduleId}
+                  onClick={() => onSelectSchedule(s.scheduleId)}
+                  className="hover:bg-gray-50 dark:hover:bg-gray-800 transition-colors cursor-pointer"
+                >
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                    {new Date(s.departureAt).toLocaleString("en-GB", {
+                      dateStyle: "medium",
+                      timeStyle: "short",
+                    })}
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap font-medium">
+                    {s.trainNumber}
+                    {s.isPackage && (
+                      <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs"> (package)</span>
+                    )}
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap text-xs">
+                    {s.originStation} → {s.destinationStation}
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap tabular-nums">
+                    {s.passengers}
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/reports/FleetSeatOverview.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/reports/FleetSeatOverview.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2febaa00b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/components/reports/FleetSeatOverview.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+"use client";
+
+/**
+ * Fleet seat overview — the landing state of the Seat Status Report, shown only while
+ * no schedule is selected. Once a schedule is picked this component unmounts and the
+ * per-schedule drill-down takes over unchanged.
+ *
+ * Its numbers come from `/reports/seat-status/overview`, which applies the same counting
+ * rules as `/reports/seat-status`, so a schedule's row here equals what the drill-down
+ * shows after clicking it.
+ */
+
+import { useMemo } from "react";
+import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
+import {
+  Bar,
+  BarChart,
+  CartesianGrid,
+  Cell,
+  ResponsiveContainer,
+  Tooltip,
+  XAxis,
+  YAxis,
+} from "recharts";
+import { Armchair, CalendarClock, TrendingUp } from "lucide-react";
+import { apiClient } from "@/lib/api-client";
+import { categoricalColor, getChartPalette } from "@/lib/chart-palette";
+import { useTheme } from "@/lib/theme-store";
+
+interface OverviewScheduleRow {
+  scheduleId: string;
+  trainNumber: string;
+  originStation: string;
+  destinationStation: string;
+  departureAt: string;
+  isPackage: boolean;
+  sellableSeats: number;
+  paid: number;
+  unpaid: number;
+  expiredHolds: number;
+  blocked: number;
+  available: number;
+  loadFactorPercent: number;
+}
+
+interface OverviewDayBucket {
+  date: string;
+  scheduleCount: number;
+  sellableSeats: number;
+  paid: number;
+  unpaid: number;
+  expiredHolds: number;
+  blocked: number;
+  available: number;
+}
+
+interface SeatStatusOverview {
+  window: {
+    from: string;
+    to: string;
+    days: number;
+    direction: "UPCOMING" | "RECENT";
+    truncated: boolean;
+  };
+  totals: {
+    scheduleCount: number;
+    sellableSeats: number;
+    paidCount: number;
+    unpaidCount: number;
+    expiredHoldCount: number;
+    blockedCount: number;
+    availableCount: number;
+    loadFactorPercent: number;
+  };
+  byDay: OverviewDayBucket[];
+  schedules: OverviewScheduleRow[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fixed domain order for the inventory series, matching the left-to-right order of the
+ * drill-down's summary cards. Colour is keyed by position here and never by rank in the
+ * data, so a quiet day does not repaint the series.
+ *
+ * Expired holds are deliberately absent: a hold that has expired no longer occupies a
+ * seat, so stacking it against sellable capacity would double-count. It is reported as a
+ * standalone counter instead.
+ */
+const INVENTORY_SERIES = [
+  { key: "paid", label: "Paid", slot: 0 },
+  { key: "unpaid", label: "Unpaid", slot: 1 },
+  { key: "blocked", label: "Blocked", slot: 3 },
+  { key: "available", label: "Available", slot: -1 },
+] as const;
+
+const MAX_SCHEDULE_BARS = 12;
+
+/** `YYYY-MM-DD` → `05 Mar`, parsed by parts so no timezone can shift the label. */
+function formatDayLabel(date: string): string {
+  const [, month, day] = date.split("-");
+  const monthName = [
+    "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+    "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec",
+  ][Number(month) - 1];
+  return `${day} ${monthName}`;
+}
+
+function formatWindow(from: string, to: string): string {
+  const opts: Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions = { day: "2-digit", month: "short" };
+  return `${new Date(from).toLocaleDateString("en-GB", opts)} – ${new Date(
+    to,
+  ).toLocaleDateString("en-GB", opts)}`;
+}
+
+export interface FleetSeatOverviewProps {
+  /** Selecting a schedule from a chart hands control to the drill-down. */
+  onSelectSchedule: (scheduleId: string) => void;
+}
+
+export default function FleetSeatOverview({ onSelectSchedule }: FleetSeatOverviewProps) {
+  const isDark = useTheme((s) => s.isDark);
+  const palette = getChartPalette(isDark);
+
+  const { data, isLoading, isError } = useQuery<SeatStatusOverview>({
+    queryKey: ["seat-status-overview"],
+    queryFn: () => apiClient.get("/reports/seat-status/overview"),
+  });
+
+  const seriesColor = (slot: number) =>
+    slot < 0 ? palette.grid : categoricalColor(palette, slot);
+
+  const dayRows = useMemo(
+    () => (data?.byDay ?? []).map((d) => ({ ...d, label: formatDayLabel(d.date) })),
+    [data],
+  );
+
+  // Busiest departures first — a 12-bar chart of the whole window would be unreadable,
+  // and the ones carrying the most seats are the ones worth looking at.
+  const scheduleRows = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      (data?.schedules ?? [])
+        .slice()
+        .sort((a, b) => b.sellableSeats - a.sellableSeats)
+        .slice(0, MAX_SCHEDULE_BARS)
+        .map((s) => ({
+          ...s,
+          label: `${s.trainNumber} · ${new Date(s.departureAt).toLocaleDateString("en-GB", {
+            day: "2-digit",
+            month: "short",
+          })}`,
+        })),
+    [data],
+  );
+
+  if (isLoading) {
+    return (
+      <div className="card py-16 text-center text-muted-foreground">
+        <p className="text-sm">Loading fleet seat overview…</p>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (isError) {
+    return (
+      <div className="card py-12 text-center">
+        <p className="text-sm text-red-500">Failed to load the fleet seat overview.</p>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1">
+          Select a schedule above to load its report directly.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (!data || data.totals.scheduleCount === 0) {
+    return (
+      <div className="card py-16 text-center text-muted-foreground">
+        <Armchair className="h-10 w-10 mx-auto mb-3 opacity-30" />
+        <p>No departures on record to summarise</p>
+        <p className="text-xs mt-1">Select a schedule above to load its seat status report</p>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  const { window: win, totals } = data;
+
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-6">
+      {/* Window banner — the report is fleet-wide until a schedule is chosen, and the
+          window may be historic, so both facts are stated rather than implied. */}
+      <div className="card">
+        <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-4 flex-wrap">
+          <div className="flex items-start gap-3">
+            <CalendarClock className="h-5 w-5 text-muted-foreground mt-0.5 shrink-0" />
+            <div>
+              <p className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
+                All schedules · {formatWindow(win.from, win.to)}
+              </p>
+              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-0.5">
+                {win.direction === "UPCOMING"
+                  ? `Next ${win.days} days — ${totals.scheduleCount} departure${totals.scheduleCount === 1 ? "" : "s"}`
+                  : `No upcoming departures — showing the most recent ${win.days} days (${totals.scheduleCount} departure${totals.scheduleCount === 1 ? "" : "s"})`}
+                {win.truncated && " · truncated to the first 60 departures"}
+              </p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm">
+            <TrendingUp className="h-4 w-4 text-muted-foreground" />
+            <span className="text-muted-foreground">Load factor</span>
+            <span className="font-semibold tabular-nums text-foreground">
+              {totals.loadFactorPercent}%
+            </span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Window totals. Distinct wording from the per-schedule summary cards so the two
+          are never mistaken for each other. */}
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-5 gap-4">
+        {[
+          { label: "Paid", value: totals.paidCount, hint: "Payment confirmed", slot: 0 },
+          { label: "Unpaid", value: totals.unpaidCount, hint: "Awaiting payment", slot: 1 },
+          { label: "Blocked", value: totals.blockedCount, hint: "Withheld from sale", slot: 3 },
+          { label: "Available", value: totals.availableCount, hint: "Still sellable", slot: -1 },
+          {
+            label: "Expired Holds",
+            value: totals.expiredHoldCount,
+            hint: "Last 24h, seats released",
+            slot: -2,
+          },
+        ].map((tile) => (
+          <div key={tile.label} className="card">
+            <div className="flex items-start gap-2">
+              {tile.slot !== -2 && (
+                <span
+                  className="h-2.5 w-2.5 rounded-full mt-1.5 shrink-0"
+                  style={{ backgroundColor: seriesColor(tile.slot) }}
+                  aria-hidden
+                />
+              )}
+              <div>
+                <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm font-medium">{tile.label}</p>
+                <p className="text-2xl font-bold mt-1 tabular-nums text-foreground">
+                  {tile.value}
+                </p>
+                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1">{tile.hint}</p>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        ))}
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Seat mix per departure day */}
+      <div className="card">
+        <div className="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-4 flex-wrap mb-1">
+          <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground">
+            Seat mix by departure day
+          </h3>
+          <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            {totals.sellableSeats} sellable seats in window
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-4">
+          Every seat running on each day, split by what happened to it — paid, waiting on
+          payment, blocked, or still on sale. The whole bar is that day&apos;s capacity.
+        </p>
+
+        {/* Legend carries visible text labels — the palette's light-mode contrast is
+            validated only with that relief in place. */}
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-4 flex-wrap mb-3">
+          {INVENTORY_SERIES.map((s) => (
+            <div key={s.key} className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+              <span
+                className="h-2.5 w-2.5 rounded-sm"
+                style={{ backgroundColor: seriesColor(s.slot) }}
+                aria-hidden
+              />
+              <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{s.label}</span>
+            </div>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+
+        <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={260}>
+          <BarChart data={dayRows} margin={{ top: 4, right: 8, bottom: 4, left: 0 }}>
+            <CartesianGrid stroke={palette.grid} vertical={false} />
+            <XAxis
+              dataKey="label"
+              tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 12 }}
+              stroke={palette.axis}
+              tickLine={false}
+            />
+            <YAxis
+              tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 12 }}
+              stroke={palette.axis}
+              tickLine={false}
+              axisLine={false}
+              allowDecimals={false}
+            />
+            <Tooltip
+              cursor={{ fill: palette.grid, fillOpacity: 0.35 }}
+              contentStyle={{
+                background: palette.tooltipBg,
+                border: `1px solid ${palette.tooltipBorder}`,
+                borderRadius: 8,
+                fontSize: 12,
+              }}
+              labelStyle={{ color: palette.textMuted }}
+            />
+            {INVENTORY_SERIES.map((s) => (
+              <Bar
+                key={s.key}
+                dataKey={s.key}
+                name={s.label}
+                stackId="seats"
+                fill={seriesColor(s.slot)}
+                radius={s.key === "available" ? [3, 3, 0, 0] : undefined}
+              />
+            ))}
+          </BarChart>
+        </ResponsiveContainer>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Load factor per schedule — doubles as the picker */}
+      <div className="card">
+        <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground mb-1">
+          Load factor by departure
+        </h3>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-4">
+          How full each train is — paid seats as a share of the seats it can sell, so 100%
+          means sold out. Showing the {scheduleRows.length} busiest departure
+          {scheduleRows.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}; click a bar to open that train&apos;s
+          report.
+        </p>
+
+        <ResponsiveContainer width="100%" height={44 * scheduleRows.length + 32}>
+          <BarChart
+            data={scheduleRows}
+            layout="vertical"
+            margin={{ top: 0, right: 40, bottom: 0, left: 8 }}
+          >
+            <CartesianGrid stroke={palette.grid} horizontal={false} />
+            <XAxis
+              type="number"
+              domain={[0, 100]}
+              unit="%"
+              tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 12 }}
+              stroke={palette.axis}
+              tickLine={false}
+              axisLine={false}
+            />
+            <YAxis
+              type="category"
+              dataKey="label"
+              width={130}
+              tick={{ fill: palette.textMuted, fontSize: 12 }}
+              stroke={palette.axis}
+              tickLine={false}
+              axisLine={false}
+            />
+            <Tooltip
+              cursor={{ fill: palette.grid, fillOpacity: 0.35 }}
+              contentStyle={{
+                background: palette.tooltipBg,
+                border: `1px solid ${palette.tooltipBorder}`,
+                borderRadius: 8,
+                fontSize: 12,
+              }}
+              labelStyle={{ color: palette.textMuted }}
+              formatter={(value: number, _name, entry: any) => [
+                `${value}% · ${entry?.payload?.paid ?? 0} of ${entry?.payload?.sellableSeats ?? 0} seats`,
+                "Load factor",
+              ]}
+            />
+            <Bar
+              dataKey="loadFactorPercent"
+              name="Load factor"
+              fill={palette.sequential}
+              radius={[0, 3, 3, 0]}
+              cursor="pointer"
+              onClick={(entry: any) => {
+                const id = entry?.payload?.scheduleId ?? entry?.scheduleId;
+                if (id) onSelectSchedule(id);
+              }}
+            >
+              {scheduleRows.map((row) => (
+                <Cell key={row.scheduleId} fill={palette.sequential} />
+              ))}
+            </Bar>
+          </BarChart>
+        </ResponsiveContainer>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* The same numbers as a table — required relief for the palette's light-mode
+          contrast, and the only place the per-schedule detail is readable exactly. */}
+      <div className="card p-0">
+        <div className="px-4 pt-4 pb-3">
+          <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground">
+            Schedules in window
+          </h3>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1">
+            The exact numbers behind the charts, one row per departure. Click a row to
+            open that train&apos;s full seat status report.
+          </p>
+        </div>
+        <div className="overflow-x-auto">
+          <table className="w-full text-sm">
+            <thead className="bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-800">
+              <tr>
+                {[
+                  "Departure",
+                  "Train",
+                  "Route",
+                  "Sellable",
+                  "Paid",
+                  "Unpaid",
+                  "Blocked",
+                  "Available",
+                  "Load",
+                ].map((h) => (
+                  <th
+                    key={h}
+                    className="px-4 py-3 text-left text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wider text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 whitespace-nowrap"
+                  >
+                    {h}
+                  </th>
+                ))}
+              </tr>
+            </thead>
+            <tbody className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-900 divide-y divide-gray-200 dark:divide-gray-700">
+              {data.schedules.map((s) => (
+                <tr
+                  key={s.scheduleId}
+                  onClick={() => onSelectSchedule(s.scheduleId)}
+                  className="hover:bg-gray-50 dark:hover:bg-gray-800 transition-colors cursor-pointer"
+                >
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                    {new Date(s.departureAt).toLocaleString("en-GB", {
+                      dateStyle: "medium",
+                      timeStyle: "short",
+                    })}
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap font-medium">
+                    {s.trainNumber}
+                    {s.isPackage && (
+                      <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs"> (package)</span>
+                    )}
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap text-xs">
+                    {s.originStation} → {s.destinationStation}
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap tabular-nums">
+                    {s.sellableSeats}
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap tabular-nums">{s.paid}</td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap tabular-nums">{s.unpaid}</td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap tabular-nums">{s.blocked}</td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap tabular-nums">
+                    {s.available}
+                  </td>
+                  <td className="px-4 py-3 whitespace-nowrap tabular-nums">
+                    {s.loadFactorPercent}%
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/lib/api/index.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/lib/api/index.ts
index f528f9dff..7350928b3 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/lib/api/index.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/lib/api/index.ts
@@ -380,7 +380,11 @@ export const verifaydaApi = {
 // Audit API
 export const auditApi = {
   getLogs: async (params?: any) => {
-    const query = new URLSearchParams(params as Record<string, string>).toString();
+    // Drop empty filters so a blank search box doesn't send `search=` and match nothing.
+    const entries = Object.entries(params ?? {}).filter(
+      ([, v]) => v !== undefined && v !== null && v !== '',
+    );
+    const query = new URLSearchParams(entries as [string, string][]).toString();
     const response = await apiClient.get<any>(`/audit/logs${query ? `?${query}` : ''}`);
     if (response?.data) {
       return Array.isArray(response.data) ? { items: response.data } : response;
@@ -388,6 +392,7 @@ export const auditApi = {
     return Array.isArray(response) ? { items: response } : response;
   },
   getLog: (id: string) => apiClient.get<any>(`/audit/logs/${id}`),
+  getVocabulary: () => apiClient.get<any>('/audit/vocabulary'),
 };
 
 // Live Tracking API
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/lib/auth-store.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/lib/auth-store.ts
index 05e47039d..aadd86057 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/lib/auth-store.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/lib/auth-store.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ interface AuthState {
   token: string | null;
   refreshToken: string | null;
   isAuthenticated: boolean;
-  login: (email: string, password: string) => Promise<void>;
+  /** `identifier` may be an email, phone number or username — always sent as `email`. */
+  login: (identifier: string, password: string) => Promise<void>;
   logout: () => void;
   setUser: (user: AdminUser, token: string) => void;
   initialize: () => void;
@@ -52,9 +53,10 @@ export const useAuthStore = create<AuthState>((set, get) => ({
     }
   },
 
-  login: async (email: string, password: string) => {
-    // Step 1: IAM login — returns token + refreshToken only
-    const loginRes = await axios.post(`${API_URL}/v1/auth/login`, { email, password });
+  login: async (identifier: string, password: string) => {
+    // Step 1: IAM login — returns token + refreshToken only.
+    // The IAM accepts an email, phone number or username in the `email` field.
+    const loginRes = await axios.post(`${API_URL}/v1/auth/login`, { email: identifier, password });
     const loginData = loginRes.data?.data ?? loginRes.data;
     const { token, refreshToken } = loginData;
     if (!token) throw new Error('No token received from server');
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/types/edr.ts b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/types/edr.ts
index 1b5ca7a1e..fa864eb71 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/types/edr.ts
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/backoffice/src/types/edr.ts
@@ -301,7 +301,11 @@ export interface FraudRule {
 // Audit Types
 export interface AuditLog {
   id: string;
-  userId?: string;
+  /** IAM id of the staff member who performed the action. The API field is `iamUserId`. */
+  iamUserId?: string;
+  /** Actor's name and phone, denormalized by the API at write time. */
+  userName?: string;
+  userPhone?: string;
   action: string;
   entityType: string;
   entityId?: string;
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/booking/passengers/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/booking/passengers/page.tsx
index 60cd350a2..b48d64d96 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/booking/passengers/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/booking/passengers/page.tsx
@@ -740,6 +740,10 @@ function PassengersForm() {
             passportExpiryDate: stored.passportExpiryDate || '',
             passportIssuingAuthority: stored.passportIssuingAuthority || '',
             faydaVerified: stored.faydaVerified || false,
+            // Restore the identity that verified this passenger, so returning here from a
+            // later step (e.g. Back from /booking/seats) doesn't silently reopen the slot to
+            // an already-used Fayda.
+            faydaSub: stored.faydaSub || undefined,
             formExpanded: true,
           };
         }
@@ -852,13 +856,22 @@ function PassengersForm() {
         if (d?.verified) {
           const faydaSub: string | undefined = d.sub || d.faydaSub || d.fin;
 
-          // A single Fayda identity can't be reused across two different passengers.
-          const usedByOther = faydaSub && passengers.some(
-            (p, i) => i !== targetIndex && (p as any).faydaSub === faydaSub,
-          );
+          // A single Fayda identity can't be reused across two different passengers. Read the
+          // live form rather than the `passengers` captured when this effect was created — the
+          // snapshot restore repopulates the array as the form initializes.
+          const currentPassengers = watch('passengers') || [];
+          const conflictIndex = faydaSub
+            ? currentPassengers.findIndex(
+                (p, i) => i !== targetIndex && (p as any)?.faydaSub === faydaSub,
+              )
+            : -1;
 
-          if (usedByOther) {
-            setFaydaErrors((prev) => ({ ...prev, [targetIndex]: 'This Fayda identity is already linked to another passenger on this booking.' }));
+          if (conflictIndex >= 0) {
+            const conflictName = currentPassengers[conflictIndex]?.name?.trim();
+            setFaydaErrors((prev) => ({
+              ...prev,
+              [targetIndex]: `This Fayda ID has already been used to verify Passenger ${conflictIndex + 1}${conflictName ? ` (${conflictName})` : ''}. Each traveller must verify with their own Fayda.`,
+            }));
             setVerificationStatus((prev) => ({ ...prev, [targetIndex]: 'error' }));
           } else {
             // Convert "1980/12/01" → "1980-12-01"
@@ -963,6 +976,13 @@ function PassengersForm() {
         const emailVal = pick(passengerData.email, user.email);
         if (emailVal) setValue('passengers.0.email', emailVal);
 
+        // A logged-in, already-verified user occupies slot 0 without going through a fresh
+        // Fayda round trip, so the callback never records their sub on the form. Seed it from
+        // the account here, otherwise the duplicate-identity check has nothing to compare
+        // against and the account holder can re-use their own Fayda on passenger 2.
+        const accountFaydaSub = pick(passengerData.faydaSub, (user as any).faydaSub);
+        if (accountFaydaSub) setValue('passengers.0.faydaSub', accountFaydaSub);
+
         if (mustVerifyFayda) {
           // Force the Fayda gate: leave name/DOB/gender empty and keep the form collapsed so the
           // "Verify with Fayda" screen is shown instead of an editable, pre-filled form.
@@ -1077,6 +1097,13 @@ function PassengersForm() {
         gender: p.gender,
         nationality: p.nationality,
         nationalId: p.nationalId,
+        // Carry the verified Fayda identity into the booking store so the duplicate-identity
+        // check still has it if the user comes back to this page from /booking/seats. Without
+        // it the restore path below rebuilds each passenger without a sub, and one Fayda could
+        // then re-verify every passenger. Stripped server-side by the global ValidationPipe
+        // (whitelist: true), so sending it to /passengers/save-details is a no-op there.
+        faydaVerified: p.faydaVerified,
+        faydaSub: p.faydaSub,
         passportNumber: p.passportNumber,
         passportCountry: p.passportCountry,
         passportIssueDate: p.passportIssueDate,
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/booking/review/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/booking/review/page.tsx
index 4b9148001..4d4b954df 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/booking/review/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/booking/review/page.tsx
@@ -363,6 +363,9 @@ const adultPassengerCount = searchCriteria?.adultCount ?? passengers.filter(p =>
               dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
               idDocumentType: isEthiopian ? 'NATIONAL_ID' : 'PASSPORT',
               idDocumentNumber: isEthiopian ? (p.nationalId || '') : '',
+              // Verified Fayda identity for this traveller. The backend stores it on the booking seat and
+              // refuses a second seat for the same identity on the same departure.
+              ...(p.faydaSub ? { faydaSub: p.faydaSub } : {}),
               passportNumber: !isEthiopian ? (p.passportNumber || '') : '',
               passportCountry: !isEthiopian ? (p.passportCountry || '') : '',
               nationality: p.nationality,
@@ -417,6 +420,9 @@ const adultPassengerCount = searchCriteria?.adultCount ?? passengers.filter(p =>
               dateOfBirth: p.dateOfBirth,
               idDocumentType: isEthiopian ? 'NATIONAL_ID' : 'PASSPORT',
               idDocumentNumber: isEthiopian ? (p.nationalId || '') : '',
+              // Verified Fayda identity for this traveller. The backend stores it on the booking seat and
+              // refuses a second seat for the same identity on the same departure.
+              ...(p.faydaSub ? { faydaSub: p.faydaSub } : {}),
               passportNumber: !isEthiopian ? (p.passportNumber || '') : '',
               passportCountry: !isEthiopian ? (p.passportCountry || '') : '',
               nationality: p.nationality,
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/excess-baggage/pay/[token]/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/excess-baggage/pay/[token]/page.tsx
index 209651756..73976fcda 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/excess-baggage/pay/[token]/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/excess-baggage/pay/[token]/page.tsx
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 "use client";
 
-import { useMemo, useState } from "react";
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from "react";
 import { useParams, useRouter } from "next/navigation";
 import { useQuery, useMutation } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { apiClient } from "@/lib/api-client";
 import { PaymentMethod } from "@/types";
 import {
   AlertCircle,
+  Check,
   CheckCircle,
+  Copy,
   CreditCard,
+  KeyRound,
   Landmark,
   Loader2,
   Smartphone,
@@ -22,6 +25,28 @@ const getIconForMethod = (methodId: string) => {
   return Smartphone;
 };
 
+// WALLET is an internal balance debit with no excess-baggage path — the API refuses it, so it is
+// never offered here.
+const UNSUPPORTED_METHODS = ["WALLET"];
+
+// Push-debit methods charge an account we must know before initiating: CAC Bank SMSes a one-time
+// password to it, eBirr pushes a USSD PIN prompt to it. Neither opens a hosted page that could
+// collect the number afterwards, so it is asked for up front.
+const requiresPayerMobile = (method: string | null) =>
+  method === "CAC_BANK" || method === "EBIRR";
+
+// DJF has no minor unit; ETB and USD are quoted to cents. Matches the API's charge-side rounding,
+// so the quote renders exactly the figure the provider will debit.
+const formatAmount = (amount: number, currency: string) =>
+  amount.toFixed(currency.toUpperCase() === "DJF" ? 0 : 2);
+
+interface AmountQuote {
+  chargeId: string;
+  method: string;
+  currency: string;
+  amount: number;
+}
+
 export default function ExcessBaggagePayPage() {
   const { token } = useParams<{ token: string }>();
   const router = useRouter();
@@ -29,6 +54,26 @@ export default function ExcessBaggagePayPage() {
   const [isProcessing, setIsProcessing] = useState(false);
   const [paymentError, setPaymentError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
+  // Push-debit (CAC Bank / eBirr): collect the payer's mobile before initiating, then — for CAC —
+  // the OTP the bank SMSes to it.
+  const [phoneModalOpen, setPhoneModalOpen] = useState(false);
+  const [payerMobile, setPayerMobile] = useState("");
+  const [phoneError, setPhoneError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [otpModalOpen, setOtpModalOpen] = useState(false);
+  const [otpCode, setOtpCode] = useState("");
+  const [otpMessage, setOtpMessage] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [otpError, setOtpError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [pushMessage, setPushMessage] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  // CBE bill: no redirect and no OTP — the payer walks away with a bill number and pays it at a
+  // branch/app later, so the page shows the number and watches for settlement.
+  const [billAction, setBillAction] = useState<{
+    billReference: string;
+    instructions?: string;
+    expiresAt?: string;
+  } | null>(null);
+  const [billCopied, setBillCopied] = useState(false);
+
   const { data: charge, isLoading: loadingCharge, error: chargeError } = useQuery({
     queryKey: ["excessBaggageCharge", token],
     queryFn: () => apiClient.get<any>(`/excess-baggage/pay/${token}`),
@@ -45,24 +90,104 @@ export default function ExcessBaggagePayPage() {
     enabled: !!charge,
   });
 
-  const amountDisplay = useMemo(() => {
-    const amountMinor = Number(charge?.totalMinor ?? charge?.amountMinor ?? 0);
-    return (amountMinor / 100).toFixed(2);
-  }, [charge]);
+  const availableMethods = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      paymentMethods.filter(
+        (m) => m.enabled && !UNSUPPORTED_METHODS.includes(m.type),
+      ),
+    [paymentMethods],
+  );
 
-  const currency = charge?.currency ?? charge?.booking?.currency ?? "ETB";
+  // The charge is always booked in ETB; this is what it costs before a method is chosen.
+  const chargeCurrency = charge?.currency ?? charge?.booking?.currency ?? "ETB";
+  const chargeAmount = useMemo(
+    () => Number(charge?.totalMinor ?? charge?.amountMinor ?? 0) / 100,
+    [charge],
+  );
+
+  // Each method settles in its own currency (WAAFI/DMONEY in DJF, CARD in USD, Ethiopian wallets
+  // in ETB), so the price has to be re-quoted server-side whenever the selection changes — the
+  // stored ETB total is not what a Djiboutian wallet would debit.
+  const {
+    data: quote,
+    isFetching: fetchingQuote,
+    error: quoteError,
+  } = useQuery<AmountQuote>({
+    queryKey: ["excessBaggageAmount", token, selectedMethod],
+    queryFn: () =>
+      apiClient.get<AmountQuote>(
+        `/excess-baggage/pay/${token}/amount?method=${selectedMethod}`,
+      ),
+    enabled: !!token && !!selectedMethod,
+    retry: false,
+    staleTime: 30_000,
+  });
+
+  // A quote is only usable once it belongs to the method currently selected — otherwise it is a
+  // leftover from the previous selection and would price the payment in the wrong currency.
+  const quoteReady = !fetchingQuote && quote?.method === selectedMethod;
+
+  const displayCurrency = selectedMethod
+    ? (quote?.currency ?? "")
+    : chargeCurrency;
+  const displayAmount = selectedMethod ? quote?.amount : chargeAmount;
+  const amountLabel =
+    quoteReady && displayAmount != null
+      ? `${displayCurrency} ${formatAmount(displayAmount, displayCurrency)}`
+      : !selectedMethod && displayAmount != null
+        ? `${chargeCurrency} ${formatAmount(displayAmount, chargeCurrency)}`
+        : null;
+
+  // Never let Pay fire against a price the payer has not been shown.
+  const awaitingQuote = !!selectedMethod && !quoteReady;
 
   const payMutation = useMutation({
-    mutationFn: (method: string) =>
+    mutationFn: (vars: { method: string; payerAccount?: string }) =>
       apiClient.post<any>(`/excess-baggage/pay/${token}/initiate`, {
-        method,
+        method: vars.method,
         platform: "web",
+        ...(vars.payerAccount ? { payerAccount: vars.payerAccount } : {}),
       }),
     onSuccess: (data: any) => {
-      if (data?.clientAction?.type === "REDIRECT") {
-        window.location.href = data.clientAction.url;
+      const action = data?.clientAction;
+
+      if (action?.type === "REDIRECT") {
+        window.location.href = action.url;
         return;
       }
+
+      // CAC Bank: no redirect — the bank SMS'd an OTP. Collect it here and confirm.
+      if (action?.type === "COLLECT_OTP") {
+        setOtpMessage(action.message ?? "Enter the OTP sent to your phone");
+        setOtpCode("");
+        setOtpError(null);
+        setOtpModalOpen(true);
+        setIsProcessing(false);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // CBE: the bill now exists in CBE's system. Nothing to navigate to — show the number.
+      if (action?.type === "SHOW_BILL_REFERENCE") {
+        setBillAction({
+          billReference: action.billReference,
+          instructions: action.instructions,
+          expiresAt: action.expiresAt,
+        });
+        setBillCopied(false);
+        setIsProcessing(false);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // eBirr: the PIN prompt was pushed to the payer's handset; there is nothing to navigate to.
+      if (action?.type === "AWAIT_PUSH") {
+        setPushMessage(
+          action.message ??
+            `Approve the payment on your phone${action.payerAccountMasked ? ` (${action.payerAccountMasked})` : ""}.`,
+        );
+        setIsProcessing(false);
+        return;
+      }
+
       router.push(`/excess-baggage/pay/${token}/result`);
     },
     onError: (err: any) => {
@@ -71,11 +196,92 @@ export default function ExcessBaggagePayPage() {
     },
   });
 
-  const handlePay = () => {
+  // CAC Bank OTP confirmation. A 200 means the debit settled; a 400 is a wrong/expired OTP —
+  // keep the modal open so the payer can re-enter it (the intent stays open).
+  const otpMutation = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: (otp: string) =>
+      apiClient.post<any>(`/excess-baggage/pay/${token}/confirm`, { otp }),
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      setOtpModalOpen(false);
+      router.push(`/excess-baggage/pay/${token}/result`);
+    },
+    onError: (err: any) => {
+      setOtpError(
+        err?.response?.data?.message ??
+          err?.message ??
+          "Invalid or expired OTP. Please try again.",
+      );
+    },
+  });
+
+  const startPayment = (mobile?: string) => {
     if (!selectedMethod) return;
     setIsProcessing(true);
     setPaymentError(null);
-    payMutation.mutate(selectedMethod);
+    payMutation.mutate({
+      method: selectedMethod,
+      payerAccount: requiresPayerMobile(selectedMethod)
+        ? mobile?.trim()
+        : undefined,
+    });
+  };
+
+  const handlePay = () => {
+    if (!selectedMethod || awaitingQuote) return;
+    setPaymentError(null);
+
+    if (requiresPayerMobile(selectedMethod)) {
+      // Prefill with the number the charge was raised against, but leave it editable — the
+      // handset paying is often not the one the booking was made under.
+      if (!payerMobile.trim() && charge?.contactPhone) {
+        setPayerMobile(charge.contactPhone);
+      }
+      setPhoneError(null);
+      setPhoneModalOpen(true);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    startPayment();
+  };
+
+  const submitPhone = () => {
+    if (!payerMobile.trim()) {
+      setPhoneError("Please enter your mobile number");
+      return;
+    }
+    setPhoneModalOpen(false);
+    startPayment(payerMobile);
+  };
+
+  // While a bill or a pushed PIN prompt is outstanding, watch the charge. Settlement happens
+  // server-side — a CBE teller, or the provider's webhook — so the browser has no other signal.
+  // Success is only ever claimed from this, never from a client-side guess.
+  const watching = !!billAction || !!pushMessage;
+  const { data: liveStatus } = useQuery<{ status: string; paid: boolean }>({
+    queryKey: ["excessBaggageStatus", token],
+    queryFn: () =>
+      apiClient.get<{ status: string; paid: boolean }>(
+        `/excess-baggage/pay/${token}/status`,
+      ),
+    enabled: !!token && watching,
+    refetchInterval: 5_000,
+  });
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (watching && liveStatus?.paid) {
+      router.push(`/excess-baggage/pay/${token}/result`);
+    }
+  }, [watching, liveStatus?.paid, router, token]);
+
+  const copyBillReference = async () => {
+    if (!billAction) return;
+    try {
+      await navigator.clipboard.writeText(billAction.billReference);
+      setBillCopied(true);
+      setTimeout(() => setBillCopied(false), 2000);
+    } catch {
+      /* clipboard unavailable — the number is still shown on screen */
+    }
   };
 
   if (loadingCharge) {
@@ -112,10 +318,25 @@ export default function ExcessBaggagePayPage() {
         <div className="card space-y-3">
           <div className="flex justify-between items-center">
             <span className="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">Amount due</span>
-            <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-primary">
-              {currency} {amountDisplay}
-            </span>
+            {amountLabel ? (
+              <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-primary">{amountLabel}</span>
+            ) : quoteError ? (
+              <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-gray-400">—</span>
+            ) : (
+              <Loader2 className="w-6 h-6 text-primary animate-spin" />
+            )}
           </div>
+          {selectedMethod && quoteReady && displayCurrency !== chargeCurrency && (
+            <p className="text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 text-right">
+              Converted from {chargeCurrency} {formatAmount(chargeAmount, chargeCurrency)} at today&apos;s rate
+            </p>
+          )}
+          {quoteError && (
+            <p className="text-xs text-red-600 dark:text-red-400 text-right">
+              {(quoteError as any)?.response?.data?.message ??
+                "This payment method is unavailable right now. Please choose another."}
+            </p>
+          )}
           <div className="border-t border-gray-100 dark:border-gray-800 pt-3 flex justify-between items-center">
             <span className="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">Weight</span>
             <span className="text-sm font-medium text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">{charge.excessWeightKg ?? "—"} kg</span>
@@ -131,7 +352,7 @@ export default function ExcessBaggagePayPage() {
             </div>
           ) : (
             <div className="space-y-2">
-              {paymentMethods.filter((m) => m.enabled).map((method) => {
+              {availableMethods.map((method) => {
                 const Icon = getIconForMethod(method.type);
                 const isSelected = selectedMethod === method.type;
                 return (
@@ -166,17 +387,181 @@ export default function ExcessBaggagePayPage() {
 
         <button
           onClick={handlePay}
-          disabled={!selectedMethod || isProcessing}
+          disabled={!selectedMethod || isProcessing || awaitingQuote}
           className="btn-primary w-full py-3 font-semibold disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
         >
           {isProcessing ? (
             <span className="flex items-center justify-center gap-2">
               <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 animate-spin" /> Processing...
             </span>
+          ) : quoteError ? (
+            "Choose another payment method"
+          ) : awaitingQuote ? (
+            <span className="flex items-center justify-center gap-2">
+              <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 animate-spin" /> Calculating amount...
+            </span>
           ) : (
-            `Pay ${currency} ${amountDisplay}`
+            `Pay ${amountLabel ?? ""}`.trim()
           )}
         </button>
+
+        {/* CBE bill — show the number; confirmation only ever comes from the status poll */}
+        {billAction && (
+          <div className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/60 flex items-center justify-center z-50 px-4">
+            <div className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 rounded-xl p-6 max-w-md w-full shadow-2xl">
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-1">
+                <Landmark className="w-5 h-5 text-primary" />
+                <h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">Pay at CBE</h3>
+              </div>
+              <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 mb-4">
+                {billAction.instructions ??
+                  "Pay this bill at any CBE branch, the CBE Birr app, mobile banking or USSD."}
+              </p>
+              <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-900/40 border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 rounded-lg px-4 py-3">
+                <span className="font-mono text-2xl font-bold tracking-widest text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100 select-all">
+                  {billAction.billReference}
+                </span>
+                <button
+                  onClick={copyBillReference}
+                  className="btn-secondary px-3 py-2 flex items-center gap-1 text-sm"
+                  title="Copy bill number"
+                >
+                  {billCopied ? <Check className="w-4 h-4 text-green-600" /> : <Copy className="w-4 h-4" />}
+                  {billCopied ? "Copied" : "Copy"}
+                </button>
+              </div>
+              <div className="text-sm text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-300 mt-3 space-y-1">
+                <p>
+                  Amount: <span className="font-semibold">ETB {formatAmount(chargeAmount, "ETB")}</span>
+                </p>
+                {billAction.expiresAt && (
+                  <p>
+                    Pay before:{" "}
+                    <span className="font-semibold">
+                      {new Date(billAction.expiresAt).toLocaleString()}
+                    </span>
+                  </p>
+                )}
+              </div>
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mt-4 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+                <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 animate-spin flex-shrink-0" />
+                Waiting for payment confirmation — this page updates automatically once CBE
+                confirms your payment.
+              </div>
+              <button
+                onClick={() => setBillAction(null)}
+                className="btn-secondary w-full py-2.5 mt-4"
+              >
+                Close
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {/* eBirr: the PIN prompt is on the payer's handset — nothing to navigate to. */}
+        {pushMessage && (
+          <div className="card flex items-start gap-3">
+            <Smartphone className="w-5 h-5 text-primary flex-shrink-0 mt-0.5" />
+            <div className="space-y-1">
+              <p className="font-semibold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">Check your phone</p>
+              <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">{pushMessage}</p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {/* Push-debit methods (CAC Bank, eBirr) — collect payer mobile before initiating */}
+        {phoneModalOpen && (
+          <div className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/60 flex items-center justify-center z-50 px-4">
+            <div className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 rounded-xl p-6 max-w-sm w-full shadow-2xl">
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-1">
+                <Smartphone className="w-5 h-5 text-primary" />
+                <h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">Your mobile number</h3>
+              </div>
+              <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 mb-4">
+                {selectedMethod === "EBIRR"
+                  ? "eBirr will prompt this number for your PIN to authorize the payment. Make sure it's the phone you have with you."
+                  : "CAC Bank will send a one-time password to this number to authorize the payment."}
+              </p>
+              <input
+                type="tel"
+                inputMode="numeric"
+                autoFocus
+                value={payerMobile}
+                onChange={(e) => { setPayerMobile(e.target.value); setPhoneError(null); }}
+                onKeyDown={(e) => { if (e.key === "Enter") submitPhone(); }}
+                placeholder={selectedMethod === "EBIRR" ? "09XX XXX XXX" : "77 XX XX XX"}
+                className="w-full px-3 py-3 rounded-lg border border-gray-300 dark:border-gray-600 bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100 focus:border-primary focus:ring-1 focus:ring-primary outline-none"
+              />
+              {phoneError && (
+                <p className="text-red-600 dark:text-red-400 text-xs mt-2">⚠️ {phoneError}</p>
+              )}
+              <div className="flex gap-2 mt-4">
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => setPhoneModalOpen(false)}
+                  className="btn-secondary flex-1 py-2.5"
+                >
+                  Cancel
+                </button>
+                <button
+                  onClick={submitPhone}
+                  disabled={!payerMobile.trim()}
+                  className="btn-primary flex-1 py-2.5 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
+                >
+                  Continue
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {/* CAC Bank OTP entry */}
+        {otpModalOpen && (
+          <div className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/60 flex items-center justify-center z-50 px-4">
+            <div className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 rounded-xl p-6 max-w-sm w-full shadow-2xl">
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-1">
+                <KeyRound className="w-5 h-5 text-primary" />
+                <h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">Enter OTP</h3>
+              </div>
+              <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 mb-4">{otpMessage}</p>
+              <input
+                type="text"
+                inputMode="numeric"
+                autoFocus
+                value={otpCode}
+                onChange={(e) => { setOtpCode(e.target.value.replace(/\D/g, "")); setOtpError(null); }}
+                onKeyDown={(e) => { if (e.key === "Enter" && otpCode.trim() && !otpMutation.isPending) otpMutation.mutate(otpCode.trim()); }}
+                placeholder="Enter code"
+                maxLength={10}
+                className="w-full text-center tracking-[0.4em] text-lg font-semibold px-3 py-3 rounded-lg border border-gray-300 dark:border-gray-600 bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100 focus:border-primary focus:ring-1 focus:ring-primary outline-none"
+              />
+              {otpError && (
+                <p className="text-red-600 dark:text-red-400 text-xs mt-2">⚠️ {otpError}</p>
+              )}
+              <div className="flex gap-2 mt-4">
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => setOtpModalOpen(false)}
+                  disabled={otpMutation.isPending}
+                  className="btn-secondary flex-1 py-2.5"
+                >
+                  Cancel
+                </button>
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => otpCode.trim() && otpMutation.mutate(otpCode.trim())}
+                  disabled={otpMutation.isPending || !otpCode.trim()}
+                  className="btn-primary flex-1 py-2.5 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
+                >
+                  {otpMutation.isPending ? (
+                    <span className="flex items-center justify-center gap-2">
+                      <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 animate-spin" /> Verifying...
+                    </span>
+                  ) : (
+                    "Confirm payment"
+                  )}
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
       </div>
     </div>
   );
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/layout.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/layout.tsx
index 7337c18d6..57aad945b 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/layout.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/layout.tsx
@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ export const metadata: Metadata = {
     shortcut: '/edr-logo.png',
     apple: '/edr-logo.png',
   },
+  other: {
+    google: 'notranslate',
+  },
 };
 
 // viewportFit: 'cover' lets fixed bottom bars (e.g. the payment page's Pay
@@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ export default function RootLayout({
   };
 
   return (
-    <html lang="en" dir="ltr" suppressHydrationWarning>
+    <html lang="en" dir="ltr" translate="no" className="notranslate" suppressHydrationWarning>
       <head>
         <JsonLd data={organizationSchema} />
         <JsonLd data={websiteSchema} />
diff --git a/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/pay-balance/[token]/page.tsx b/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/pay-balance/[token]/page.tsx
index fb2135cd3..da45893e5 100644
--- a/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/pay-balance/[token]/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/edr-passenger-web/portal/src/app/pay-balance/[token]/page.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 "use client";
 
-import { useState } from "react";
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from "react";
 import { useParams, useRouter } from "next/navigation";
 import { useQuery, useMutation } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { apiClient } from "@/lib/api-client";
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ import { resolvePaymentRedirectUrl } from "@/lib/payment-redirect";
 import { PaymentMethod } from "@/types";
 import {
   Loader2,
+  Check,
+  Copy,
   CreditCard,
+  KeyRound,
   Smartphone,
   Wallet,
   Landmark,
@@ -23,6 +26,28 @@ const getIconForMethod = (methodId: string) => {
   return Smartphone;
 };
 
+// WALLET is an internal balance debit with no supplementary-charge path — the API refuses it, so
+// it is never offered here.
+const UNSUPPORTED_METHODS = ["WALLET"];
+
+// Push-debit methods charge an account we must know before initiating: CAC Bank SMSes a one-time
+// password to it, eBirr pushes a USSD PIN prompt to it. Neither opens a hosted page that could
+// collect the number afterwards, so it is asked for up front.
+const requiresPayerMobile = (method: string | null) =>
+  method === "CAC_BANK" || method === "EBIRR";
+
+// DJF has no minor unit; ETB and USD are quoted to cents. Matches the API's charge-side rounding,
+// so the quote renders exactly the figure the provider will debit.
+const formatAmount = (amount: number, currency: string) =>
+  amount.toFixed(currency.toUpperCase() === "DJF" ? 0 : 2);
+
+interface AmountQuote {
+  chargeId: string;
+  method: string;
+  currency: string;
+  amount: number;
+}
+
 export default function PayBalancePage() {
   const { token } = useParams<{ token: string }>();
   const router = useRouter();
@@ -30,6 +55,26 @@ export default function PayBalancePage() {
   const [isProcessing, setIsProcessing] = useState(false);
   const [paymentError, setPaymentError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
+  // Push-debit (CAC Bank / eBirr): collect the payer's mobile before initiating, then — for CAC —
+  // the OTP the bank SMSes to it.
+  const [phoneModalOpen, setPhoneModalOpen] = useState(false);
+  const [payerMobile, setPayerMobile] = useState("");
+  const [phoneError, setPhoneError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [otpModalOpen, setOtpModalOpen] = useState(false);
+  const [otpCode, setOtpCode] = useState("");
+  const [otpMessage, setOtpMessage] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [otpError, setOtpError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [pushMessage, setPushMessage] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  // CBE bill: no redirect and no OTP — the payer walks away with a bill number and pays it at a
+  // branch/app later, so the page shows the number and watches for settlement.
+  const [billAction, setBillAction] = useState<{
+    billReference: string;
+    instructions?: string;
+    expiresAt?: string;
+  } | null>(null);
+  const [billCopied, setBillCopied] = useState(false);
+
   const { data: charge, isLoading: loadingCharge, error: chargeError } = useQuery({
     queryKey: ["supplementary-charge", token],
     queryFn: () => apiClient.get<any>(`/payments/supplementary/by-token/${token}`),
@@ -45,18 +90,102 @@ export default function PayBalancePage() {
     enabled: !!charge,
   });
 
+  const availableMethods = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      paymentMethods.filter(
+        (m) => m.enabled && !UNSUPPORTED_METHODS.includes(m.type),
+      ),
+    [paymentMethods],
+  );
+
+  // The charge is raised in ETB; this is what it costs before a method is chosen.
+  const chargeCurrency = charge?.currency ?? "ETB";
+  const chargeAmount = useMemo(
+    () => Number(charge?.amountMinor ?? 0) / 100,
+    [charge],
+  );
+
+  // Each method settles in its own currency (WAAFI/DMONEY in DJF, CARD in USD, Ethiopian wallets
+  // in ETB), so the price has to be re-quoted server-side whenever the selection changes — the
+  // stored ETB amount is not what a Djiboutian wallet would debit.
+  const {
+    data: quote,
+    isFetching: fetchingQuote,
+    error: quoteError,
+  } = useQuery<AmountQuote>({
+    queryKey: ["supplementaryAmount", token, selectedMethod],
+    queryFn: () =>
+      apiClient.get<AmountQuote>(
+        `/payments/supplementary/by-token/${token}/amount?method=${selectedMethod}`,
+      ),
+    enabled: !!token && !!selectedMethod,
+    retry: false,
+    staleTime: 30_000,
+  });
+
+  // A quote is only usable once it belongs to the method currently selected — otherwise it is a
+  // leftover from the previous selection and would price the payment in the wrong currency.
+  const quoteReady = !fetchingQuote && quote?.method === selectedMethod;
+  const displayCurrency = selectedMethod ? (quote?.currency ?? "") : chargeCurrency;
+  const displayAmount = selectedMethod ? quote?.amount : chargeAmount;
+  const amountLabel =
+    quoteReady && displayAmount != null
+      ? `${displayCurrency} ${formatAmount(displayAmount, displayCurrency)}`
+      : !selectedMethod && displayAmount != null
+        ? `${chargeCurrency} ${formatAmount(displayAmount, chargeCurrency)}`
+        : null;
+
+  // Never let Pay fire against a price the payer has not been shown.
+  const awaitingQuote = !!selectedMethod && !quoteReady;
+
   const payMutation = useMutation({
-    mutationFn: (method: string) =>
+    mutationFn: (vars: { method: string; payerAccount?: string }) =>
       apiClient.post<any>(`/payments/supplementary/by-token/${token}/pay`, {
-        method,
+        method: vars.method,
         platform: "web",
+        ...(vars.payerAccount ? { payerAccount: vars.payerAccount } : {}),
       }),
     onSuccess: (data: any) => {
-      if (data?.clientAction?.type === "REDIRECT") {
-        window.location.href = resolvePaymentRedirectUrl(data.clientAction.url);
+      const action = data?.clientAction;
+
+      if (action?.type === "REDIRECT") {
+        window.location.href = resolvePaymentRedirectUrl(action.url);
         return;
       }
-      // Immediate success (e.g. wallet)
+
+      // CAC Bank: no redirect — the bank SMS'd an OTP. Collect it here and confirm.
+      if (action?.type === "COLLECT_OTP") {
+        setOtpMessage(action.message ?? "Enter the OTP sent to your phone");
+        setOtpCode("");
+        setOtpError(null);
+        setOtpModalOpen(true);
+        setIsProcessing(false);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // CBE: the bill now exists in CBE's system. Nothing to navigate to — show the number.
+      if (action?.type === "SHOW_BILL_REFERENCE") {
+        setBillAction({
+          billReference: action.billReference,
+          instructions: action.instructions,
+          expiresAt: action.expiresAt,
+        });
+        setBillCopied(false);
+        setIsProcessing(false);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // eBirr: the PIN prompt was pushed to the payer's handset; there is nothing to navigate to.
+      if (action?.type === "AWAIT_PUSH") {
+        setPushMessage(
+          action.message ??
+            `Approve the payment on your phone${action.payerAccountMasked ? ` (${action.payerAccountMasked})` : ""}.`,
+        );
+        setIsProcessing(false);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Immediate success
       router.push(`/pay-balance/${token}/success`);
     },
     onError: (err: any) => {
@@ -67,11 +196,90 @@ export default function PayBalancePage() {
     },
   });
 
-  const handlePay = () => {
+  // CAC Bank OTP confirmation. A 200 means the debit settled; a 400 is a wrong/expired OTP —
+  // keep the modal open so the payer can re-enter it (the intent stays open).
+  const otpMutation = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: (otp: string) =>
+      apiClient.post<any>(`/payments/supplementary/by-token/${token}/confirm`, { otp }),
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      setOtpModalOpen(false);
+      router.push(`/pay-balance/${token}/success`);
+    },
+    onError: (err: any) => {
+      setOtpError(
+        err?.response?.data?.message ??
+          err?.message ??
+          "Invalid or expired OTP. Please try again.",
+      );
+    },
+  });
+
+  const startPayment = (mobile?: string) => {
     if (!selectedMethod) return;
     setIsProcessing(true);
     setPaymentError(null);
-    payMutation.mutate(selectedMethod);
+    payMutation.mutate({
+      method: selectedMethod,
+      payerAccount: requiresPayerMobile(selectedMethod) ? mobile?.trim() : undefined,
+    });
+  };
+
+  const handlePay = () => {
+    if (!selectedMethod || awaitingQuote) return;
+    setPaymentError(null);
+
+    if (requiresPayerMobile(selectedMethod)) {
+      // Prefill with the number the charge was raised against, but leave it editable — the
+      // handset paying is often not the one the booking was made under.
+      if (!payerMobile.trim() && charge?.booking?.contactPhone) {
+        setPayerMobile(charge.booking.contactPhone);
+      }
+      setPhoneError(null);
+      setPhoneModalOpen(true);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    startPayment();
+  };
+
+  const submitPhone = () => {
+    if (!payerMobile.trim()) {
+      setPhoneError("Please enter your mobile number");
+      return;
+    }
+    setPhoneModalOpen(false);
+    startPayment(payerMobile);
+  };
+
+  // While a bill or a pushed PIN prompt is outstanding, watch the charge. Settlement happens
+  // server-side — a CBE teller, or the provider's webhook — so the browser has no other signal.
+  // Success is only ever claimed from this, never from a client-side guess.
+  const watching = !!billAction || !!pushMessage;
+  const { data: liveStatus } = useQuery<{ status: string; paid: boolean }>({
+    queryKey: ["supplementaryStatus", token],
+    queryFn: () =>
+      apiClient.get<{ status: string; paid: boolean }>(
+        `/payments/supplementary/by-token/${token}/status`,
+      ),
+    enabled: !!token && watching,
+    refetchInterval: 5_000,
+  });
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (watching && liveStatus?.paid) {
+      router.push(`/pay-balance/${token}/success`);
+    }
+  }, [watching, liveStatus?.paid, router, token]);
+
+  const copyBillReference = async () => {
+    if (!billAction) return;
+    try {
+      await navigator.clipboard.writeText(billAction.billReference);
+      setBillCopied(true);
+      setTimeout(() => setBillCopied(false), 2000);
+    } catch {
+      /* clipboard unavailable — the number is still shown on screen */
+    }
   };
 
   if (loadingCharge) {
@@ -95,8 +303,6 @@ export default function PayBalancePage() {
     );
   }
 
-  const amountDisplay = (charge.amountMinor / 100).toFixed(2);
-  const currency = charge.currency ?? "ETB";
   return (
     <div className="min-h-screen bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-950 flex items-start justify-center px-4 py-10">
       <div className="w-full max-w-md space-y-4">
@@ -122,8 +328,25 @@ export default function PayBalancePage() {
           )}
           <div className="border-t border-gray-100 dark:border-gray-800 pt-3 flex justify-between items-center">
             <span className="font-bold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">Amount due</span>
-            <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-primary">{currency} {amountDisplay}</span>
+            {amountLabel ? (
+              <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-primary">{amountLabel}</span>
+            ) : quoteError ? (
+              <span className="text-2xl font-bold text-gray-400">—</span>
+            ) : (
+              <Loader2 className="w-6 h-6 text-primary animate-spin" />
+            )}
           </div>
+          {selectedMethod && quoteReady && displayCurrency !== chargeCurrency && (
+            <p className="text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 text-right">
+              Converted from {chargeCurrency} {formatAmount(chargeAmount, chargeCurrency)} at today&apos;s rate
+            </p>
+          )}
+          {quoteError && (
+            <p className="text-xs text-red-600 dark:text-red-400 text-right">
+              {(quoteError as any)?.response?.data?.message ??
+                "This payment method is unavailable right now. Please choose another."}
+            </p>
+          )}
         </div>
 
         {/* Payment methods */}
@@ -136,7 +359,7 @@ export default function PayBalancePage() {
             </div>
           ) : (
             <div className="space-y-2">
-              {paymentMethods.filter((m) => m.enabled).map((method) => {
+              {availableMethods.map((method) => {
                 const Icon = getIconForMethod(method.type);
                 const isSelected = selectedMethod === method.type;
                 return (
@@ -173,19 +396,180 @@ export default function PayBalancePage() {
 
         <button
           onClick={handlePay}
-          disabled={!selectedMethod || isProcessing}
+          disabled={!selectedMethod || isProcessing || awaitingQuote}
           className="btn-primary w-full py-3 font-semibold disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
         >
           {isProcessing ? (
             <span className="flex items-center justify-center gap-2">
               <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 animate-spin" /> Processing...
             </span>
+          ) : quoteError ? (
+            "Choose another payment method"
+          ) : awaitingQuote ? (
+            <span className="flex items-center justify-center gap-2">
+              <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 animate-spin" /> Calculating amount...
+            </span>
           ) : (
-            `Pay ${currency} ${amountDisplay}`
+            `Pay ${amountLabel ?? ""}`.trim()
           )}
         </button>
 
         <p className="text-xs text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500 text-center">🔒 Secure & encrypted payment</p>
+
+        {/* CBE bill — show the number; confirmation only ever comes from the status poll */}
+        {billAction && (
+          <div className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/60 flex items-center justify-center z-50 px-4">
+            <div className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 rounded-xl p-6 max-w-md w-full shadow-2xl">
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-1">
+                <Landmark className="w-5 h-5 text-primary" />
+                <h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">Pay at CBE</h3>
+              </div>
+              <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 mb-4">
+                {billAction.instructions ??
+                  "Pay this bill at any CBE branch, the CBE Birr app, mobile banking or USSD."}
+              </p>
+              <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-gray-900/40 border border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 rounded-lg px-4 py-3">
+                <span className="font-mono text-2xl font-bold tracking-widest text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100 select-all">
+                  {billAction.billReference}
+                </span>
+                <button
+                  onClick={copyBillReference}
+                  className="btn-secondary px-3 py-2 flex items-center gap-1 text-sm"
+                  title="Copy bill number"
+                >
+                  {billCopied ? <Check className="w-4 h-4 text-green-600" /> : <Copy className="w-4 h-4" />}
+                  {billCopied ? "Copied" : "Copy"}
+                </button>
+              </div>
+              <div className="text-sm text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-300 mt-3 space-y-1">
+                <p>
+                  Amount: <span className="font-semibold">ETB {formatAmount(chargeAmount, "ETB")}</span>
+                </p>
+                {billAction.expiresAt && (
+                  <p>
+                    Pay before:{" "}
+                    <span className="font-semibold">
+                      {new Date(billAction.expiresAt).toLocaleString()}
+                    </span>
+                  </p>
+                )}
+              </div>
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mt-4 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+                <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 animate-spin flex-shrink-0" />
+                Waiting for payment confirmation — this page updates automatically once CBE
+                confirms your payment.
+              </div>
+              <button
+                onClick={() => setBillAction(null)}
+                className="btn-secondary w-full py-2.5 mt-4"
+              >
+                Close
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {/* eBirr: the PIN prompt is on the payer's handset — nothing to navigate to. */}
+        {pushMessage && (
+          <div className="card flex items-start gap-3">
+            <Smartphone className="w-5 h-5 text-primary flex-shrink-0 mt-0.5" />
+            <div className="space-y-1">
+              <p className="font-semibold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">Check your phone</p>
+              <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">{pushMessage}</p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {/* Push-debit methods (CAC Bank, eBirr) — collect payer mobile before initiating */}
+        {phoneModalOpen && (
+          <div className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/60 flex items-center justify-center z-50 px-4">
+            <div className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 rounded-xl p-6 max-w-sm w-full shadow-2xl">
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-1">
+                <Smartphone className="w-5 h-5 text-primary" />
+                <h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">Your mobile number</h3>
+              </div>
+              <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 mb-4">
+                {selectedMethod === "EBIRR"
+                  ? "eBirr will prompt this number for your PIN to authorize the payment. Make sure it's the phone you have with you."
+                  : "CAC Bank will send a one-time password to this number to authorize the payment."}
+              </p>
+              <input
+                type="tel"
+                inputMode="numeric"
+                autoFocus
+                value={payerMobile}
+                onChange={(e) => { setPayerMobile(e.target.value); setPhoneError(null); }}
+                onKeyDown={(e) => { if (e.key === "Enter") submitPhone(); }}
+                placeholder={selectedMethod === "EBIRR" ? "09XX XXX XXX" : "77 XX XX XX"}
+                className="w-full px-3 py-3 rounded-lg border border-gray-300 dark:border-gray-600 bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100 focus:border-primary focus:ring-1 focus:ring-primary outline-none"
+              />
+              {phoneError && (
+                <p className="text-red-600 dark:text-red-400 text-xs mt-2">⚠️ {phoneError}</p>
+              )}
+              <div className="flex gap-2 mt-4">
+                <button onClick={() => setPhoneModalOpen(false)} className="btn-secondary flex-1 py-2.5">
+                  Cancel
+                </button>
+                <button
+                  onClick={submitPhone}
+                  disabled={!payerMobile.trim()}
+                  className="btn-primary flex-1 py-2.5 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
+                >
+                  Continue
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {/* CAC Bank OTP entry */}
+        {otpModalOpen && (
+          <div className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/60 flex items-center justify-center z-50 px-4">
+            <div className="bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 rounded-xl p-6 max-w-sm w-full shadow-2xl">
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-1">
+                <KeyRound className="w-5 h-5 text-primary" />
+                <h3 className="text-lg font-bold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">Enter OTP</h3>
+              </div>
+              <p className="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400 mb-4">{otpMessage}</p>
+              <input
+                type="text"
+                inputMode="numeric"
+                autoFocus
+                value={otpCode}
+                onChange={(e) => { setOtpCode(e.target.value.replace(/\D/g, "")); setOtpError(null); }}
+                onKeyDown={(e) => { if (e.key === "Enter" && otpCode.trim() && !otpMutation.isPending) otpMutation.mutate(otpCode.trim()); }}
+                placeholder="Enter code"
+                maxLength={10}
+                className="w-full text-center tracking-[0.4em] text-lg font-semibold px-3 py-3 rounded-lg border border-gray-300 dark:border-gray-600 bg-white dark:bg-gray-800 text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100 focus:border-primary focus:ring-1 focus:ring-primary outline-none"
+              />
+              {otpError && (
+                <p className="text-red-600 dark:text-red-400 text-xs mt-2">⚠️ {otpError}</p>
+              )}
+              <div className="flex gap-2 mt-4">
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => setOtpModalOpen(false)}
+                  disabled={otpMutation.isPending}
+                  className="btn-secondary flex-1 py-2.5"
+                >
+                  Cancel
+                </button>
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => otpCode.trim() && otpMutation.mutate(otpCode.trim())}
+                  disabled={otpMutation.isPending || !otpCode.trim()}
+                  className="btn-primary flex-1 py-2.5 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed"
+                >
+                  {otpMutation.isPending ? (
+                    <span className="flex items-center justify-center gap-2">
+                      <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 animate-spin" /> Verifying...
+                    </span>
+                  ) : (
+                    "Confirm payment"
+                  )}
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )}
       </div>
     </div>
   );